BACKGROUND Cardiovascular responses to cold stimulation are well characterised. It is unclear, however, whether cold pain stimulates responses in colonic tone in the transverse and sigmoid regions. AIMS To assess the effects of cold stimulation on tone nd motility in the transverse and sigmoid colon and on cardiovascular autonomic activity. METHODS Phasic and tonic motility of the transvers...

This article briefly reviews psychological aspects of pain, paying special attention to chronic pain. The review considers the interruptive and interference effects of pain and its impact on a person's identity. The importance of processes related to interruption, interference, and identity will vary across people and the duration of pain. Although brief phasic pain such as that presented in th...

The influence of sex in determining responses to opioid analgesics has been well established in rodents and monkeys in assays of short-lasting, phasic pain. The purpose of this investigation was to use a capsaicin model of tonic pain to evaluate sex differences in hyperalgesia and -opioid-induced antihyperalgesia in Fischer 344 (F344) rats. Capsaicin injected into the tail produced a dose-depen...

OBJECTIVESTo assess the usefulness of Tri-phasic computed tomography in evaluation hepatocellular carcinoma cirrhotic patients.METHODOLOGYThis cross-sectional study was carried out Radiology and Imaging Department Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar from October 2020 to September 2021 (01 year). CT done all patients. Patients with suspected diagnosed by clinical ultrasonography having high serum...

Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant agent is used as one of the analgesic drugs in different kinds of pain. In the present study the effect of local (subcutaneous) injection of amitriptyline (50 and 100 µg) on the acute and chronic pain using formalin test, was investigated. Our data show that local injection of amitriptyline to the paw receiving formalin, causes a decrease in pain in bot...

The neuromodulatory interaction of sex steroids with the opioid system may involve in sex differences in pain sensitivity. Also, sex steroids undergo fluctuations during estrus cycle. On the other hand, adrenergic system can influence pain sensitivity. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of phenylephrine and prazocin on pain sensitivity during estrus cycle. For this...

The discovery of imidazoline ligands has opened up a new field of study. The investigation of imidazoline actions independent of adrenoceptors started in the mid 1980s. Imidazoline receptors are classified in several subtypes, I1, I2 and I3 binding sites. Although imidazoline sites have been the subjects of research for several years, but there is still controversy about their actions especiall...

The neuromodulatory interaction of sex steroids with the opioid system may involve in sex differences in pain sensitivity. Also, sex steroids undergo fluctuations during estrus cycle. On the other hand, adrenergic system can influence pain sensitivity. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of phenylephrine and prazocin on pain sensitivity during estrus cycle. For this...

It is well documented that sensory transmission, including pain, is subject to endogenous inhibitory modulatory influences at dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Recent results, from behavioral to molecular studies, demonstrate that endogenous modulatory systems are bi-phasic, including inhibitory as well as new facilitatory systems. In this review, we propose the existence of endogenous facilitato...