The price effects of the Swedish pharmaceutical substitution reform are analyzed using data for a panel of all pharmaceutical product sold in Sweden in 1997-2007. The price reduction due to the reform was estimated to average 10% and was found to be significantly larger for brand-name pharmaceuticals than for generics. The results also imply that the reform amplified the effect that generic ent...

This work explores a fully-automated algorithm for estimation of the uptake of radio-pharmaceutical in brain MR-PET imaging. The algorithm is based on a model of the pharmaceutical uptake coupled with probabilistic models of the PET and MR acquisition systems. In contrast to algorithms that attempt to correct for the partial volume effect (PVE), the problem is tackled here in the reconstruction...

to create values in the working environment and to achieve the organizational aims, organizations have to manage their elements with specific alignment.in principle, different departments of organizations are put together with specific arrangements and tasks in order to create value for the stakeholders .it has been proven that creating value and the outcome of an organization has a direct rela...

Aim. To review pharmaceutical price regulation methods in countries of the European Union (EU), in terms of the anticipated impact of regulation on pharmaceutical expenditures and evidence of actual outcomes. Methods. An extensive search was performed of medical and economic studies on regulatory interventions specifically targeting pharmaceutical prices in EU countries, published between Janua...

OBJECTIVES Pharmaceutical policies have become paramount in China and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region because of rapidly rising expenditures on drugs. The problems are especially acute in China because expenditures on drugs are typically so large. This article intends to review effects of the policy of drug expenditure containment with primary reference to China, and it proposes some...

AIM To review pharmaceutical price regulation methods in countries of the European Union (EU), in terms of the anticipated impact of regulation on pharmaceutical expenditures and evidence of actual outcomes. METHOD An extensive search was performed of medical and economic studies on regulatory interventions specifically targeting pharmaceutical prices in EU countries, published between Januar...

OBJECTIVES Many European countries regulate the markets for prescription drugs in order to cope with rising health expenditures. On the other hand, regulation distorts incentives to invest in pharmaceutical R&D. This study aims at empirically assessing the impact of regulation on pharmaceutical R&D expenditures. METHODS We analyze a sample of 20 leading pharmaceutical companies between 2000 a...

Pharmaceutical sales exceed $850 billion a year, of which 84% are accounted for by brand drugs. Drug prices are the focus of an ongoing heated debate. While some argue that pharmaceutical companies exploit monopolistic power granted by patent protection to set prices that are "too high", others claim that these prices are necessary to motivate the high R&D investments required in the pharmaceut...

Migraine is a common, debilitating and costly disorder. Yet help-seeking for and rates of diagnosis of migraine are low. Drawing on ethnographic observations of pharmaceutical marketing practices at professional headache conferences and a content analysis of migraine advertising, principally in the USA, this paper demonstrates: (1) that the pharmaceutical industry directs its marketing of migra...