Prescription decision making is a complicated phenomenon influenced by many factors including drug strength, the patient’s context, prescriber characteristics, health facilities, payment type and pharmaceutical marketing. To evaluate the associations between each influenced factor and drug prescription method of Iranian physicians, we conducted an exploratory research, utilizing a questionnaire...

This paper seeks to provide an economic perspective on the pharmaceutical industry, which has come under increasing criticism on a number of issues. In the main, that criticism amounts to a rather ineffective flailing at the supply side of the market for pharmaceutical products-much of it based on inaccurate perceptions-when a more productive policy would be to strengthen the hitherto weak and ...

This paper examines the effect of the regulations restricting price increases on the evolution of pharmaceutical prices. A novel theoretical model shows that this policy leads firms to price new drugs with uncertain demand above the expected value initially. Price decreases after drug launch are more likely, the higher the uncertainty. We empirically test the model's predictions using data from...

mation superhighway have brought the countries of the world closer. From a business perspective, the world is one marketplace. The American pharmaceutical industry has played a pioneering role in the development of the drug industry through in-depth, timely, and useful research and bulk manufacturing of drug products. Although the US pharmaceutical industry is enjoying the leadership position, ...

Pharmaceutical wastewaters are generated through complex manufacturing processes that contain a variety of organic and inorganic constituents, and are usually characterized by a high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, dissolved solids (salts), toxicity, and refractory compounds. Therefore, it must be treated. The treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater (PWW) using...

In this paper, a bi-objective pharmaceutical supply chain network under uncertainty demand and transportation costs is modeled and developed. To control the uncertainty parameters, the robust optimization method is considering. The main objective of this paper determines the number and location of potential facilities such as drug manufacture centers and drug distribution centers by considering...

The price e¤ects of the Swedish pharmaceutical substitution reform are analyzed using data for a panel of all pharmaceutical product sold in Sweden in 1997–2007. The price reduction due to the reform was estimated to average 10% and was found to be signi…cantly larger for brand name pharmaceuticals than for generics. The results also imply that the reform ampli…ed the e¤ect that generic entry h...

We model demand for four cephalosporins and compute own- and cross-price elasticities between branded and generic versions of the four drugs. We model demand as a multistage budgeting problem, and we argue that such a model is appropriate to the multistage nature of the purchase of pharmaceutical products, in particular the prescribing and dispensing stages. We find quite high elasticities betw...

A vast majority of the EU countries are witnessing a rise in the share of public pharmaceutical spending in the total drugs expenditure. This urges governments to adopt cost containment measures through more stringent norms in their pharmaceutical policies. The aim of this paper is to review the existing pharmaceuticals cost-containment policies in the EU in order to illustrate the complexity o...