This paper quantifies the shift in the household-level demand for postal delivery services over time and determines the extent to which it can be attributed to the appearance of alternative modes of communication versus the concomitant rise in the relative price of postal delivery services. The two major results to emerge from this analysis are: (1) postal price increases of the magnitude recen...

This is an open-access article distributedunder the terms of theCreativeCommonsAttribution Licence,which permits distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Creation of derivative works is permitted but the resulting work may be distributed only under the same or similar licence to this one. This licence does not permit commercial exploitat...

This paper describes a micro-grid system and its monitoring system. This micro-grid system consists of generation systems, consumer electrical equipments, auxiliary equipments and the monitoring system. All the equipments have 485 communication interfaces. In order to monitor and manage this micro-grid system, we built a monitoring system, which contains modular instrument system and industrial...

the purpose of the present study was to investigate the use of personal and impersonal metadiscourse (md) by persian- and english-speaking writers in academic writing. for this purpose, 80 abstracts were selected (40 written by persian-speaking writers and 40 by english-speaking ones) and analyzed. these abstracts were selected from endocrinology and metabolism journals published during 2010 to...

extract  there is not comprehensive information about the bulimia disease, perhaps it is called overeating disease . recent research has shown that this disease is a type of personality disorder . in this situation, the patient eats too much and too fast. the patient is well aware that a nutritional approach is wrong and will lead to weight gain but not able to control himself about it. after o...

This article is a personal journey, from the early days of batch processing to the modern personal computing era. The journey begins in the early 1970s and starts with the punch cards at the computer centre of the University of Jyväskylä. The use of minicomputers (HP 2100 series) gave a different view – how to collect and process data with a computer. Honeywell timesharing systems made it possi...

Much of the confusion that surrounds electronic personal assistants arises from the open-ended complexity of their development. In this paper we categorise some of their more common uses before suggesting several thought-provoking extensions.