We study the robustness of equilibria with regards to small payoff perturbations of the dynamic game. We find that complete penal codes, that specify player’s strategies after every history, can have at best limited robustness and may even fail to exist for some games. We define incomplete penal codes as partial descriptions of equilibrium strategies. We construct incomplete penal codes that ar...

A review of relevant literature has indicated that women are sentenced inconsistently by the criminal justice system showing differences between harsh, equal or lenient treatment. This dissertation highlights that sending women to prison, who tend not commit serious crime and drawing a prison population who have the characteristics of economic and social deprivation, is completely unnecessary. ...

Drawing on content analysis of 517 New York Times news reports published between 1995 and 2016, the author examines institutionalization opioid responses in terms changing media framing use. The findings indicate that frames were situated lenses medicalization decriminalization. Modes penal social control shifted as early 1990s because budgetary concerns. Drug reform efforts pushed law enforcem...

Immediately prior to publication, one of the authors of this book gave a public 'ecture entitled "Psychopathology and Homicide" to a medical audience. As a result ?f this, certain of the more informed, and therefore be it acknowledged, more sensitive doctors among his hearers came to the conclusion that both his own views and those to be expressed in the book would be that "many psychiatric pat...

In the last few years, new ways of punishing sex offenders have been introduced in many modern societies. However, these sanctions have a broader significance than this: they are part of a broader set of penal arrangements-directed at the criminal population as a whole-which represents a new punitiveness. This seems to be moving the direction of legal punishment beyond the established parameter...

penal populism researches have provided valuable data about characteristics of penal populist policies. generally, penal populist policies are tough, popular, symbolic, emotional and without scientific bases. penal populist reactions appear in the light of popular moves and emotional environment. these polices attempt to control criminal phenomena by penal mechanisms in a shortest possible time...

This article contends that it is time to take a critical look at a series of binary categories which have dominated the scholarly and reform epistemologies of the sentencing decision process. These binaries are: rules versus discretion; reason versus emotion; offence versus offender; normative principles versus incoherence; aggravating versus mitigating factors; and aggregate/tariff consistency...