OBJECTIVE This study characterized the brain electrical activity during pedaling, a locomotor-like task, in humans. We postulated that phasic brain activity would be associated with active pedaling, consistent with a cortical role in locomotor tasks. METHODS Sixty four channels of electroencephalogram (EEG) and 10 channels of electromyogram (EMG) data were recorded from 10 neurologically-inta...

The metabolic cost of producing submaximal cycling power has been reported to vary with pedaling rate. Pedaling rate, however, governs two physiological phenomena known to influence metabolic cost and efficiency: muscle shortening velocity and the frequency of muscle activation and relaxation. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relative influence of those two phenomena on me...

This study compared the physiological responses and the mechanical efficiency during both arm cranking exercise and leg pedaling exercise with identical work loads, and determined whether arm cranking or unilateral leg pedaling performance could be used to estimate bilateral pedaling exercise capacity. Seven healthy adult males [mean age: 32 (27–36) years old] participated in this study. Arm cr...

Previous work had identified six biomechanical functions that need to be executed by each limb in order to produce a variety of pedaling tasks. The functions can be organized into three antagonistic pairs: an Ext/Flex pair that accelerates the foot into extension or flexion with respect to the pelvis, an Ant/Post pair that accelerates the foot anteriorly or posteriorly with respect to the pelvi...

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to record human brain activity during slow (30 RPM), fast (60 RPM), passive (30 RPM), and variable rate pedaling. Ten healthy adults participated. After identifying regions of interest, the intensity and volume of brain activation in each region was calculated and compared across conditions (p < .05). Results showed that the primary sensory a...

The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether bilateral asymmetry in cycling changed systematically with pedaling rate, (2) determine whether the dominant leg as identified by kicking contributed more to average power over a crank cycle than the other leg, and (3) determine whether the dominant leg asymmetry changed systematically with pedaling rate. To achieve these objectives, da...

Let nq(k, d) be the smallest integer n for which there exists an [n, k, d]q code for given q, k, d. It is known that n8(4, d) = ∑3 i=0 ⌈ d/8i ⌉ for all d ≥ 833. As a continuation of Jones et al. [Electronic J. Combinatorics 13 (2006), #R43], we determine n8(4, d) for 117 values of d with 113 ≤ d ≤ 832 and give upper and lower bounds on n8(4, d) for other d using geometric methods and some exten...

Locomotion requires uninterrupted transitions between limb extension and flexion. The role of contralateral sensorimotor signals in executing smooth transitions is little understood even though their participation is crucial to bipedal walking. However, elucidating neural interlimb coordinating mechanisms in human walking is difficult because changes to contralateral sensorimotor activity also ...

statement of problem: nowadays, evaluation of the development of occlusion in deciduous teeth for creating corrective occlusion in permanent teeth is one of the most important objectives of pediatric dentistry. in other countries, a vast number of researches have been accomplished on the details of occlusion in deciduous teeth. but, unfortunately, there is still no accurate information about th...

Our aim was to determine whether muscle synergies are similar across trained cyclists (and thus whether the same locomotor strategies for pedaling are used), despite interindividual variability of individual EMG patterns. Nine trained cyclists were tested during a constant-load pedaling exercise performed at 80% of maximal power. Surface EMG signals were measured in 10 lower limb muscles. A dec...