This article examines the Greek noun σαγγάνδης ‘messenger’ which is attested in two lexica, dated to Roman or early Byzantine periods: Cambridge Rhetorical Lexicon by an anonymous author and Difficult Words Attic Orators Claudius Casilo. In both works, appears together with three words of likely Iranian provenance: ὀροσάγγης ‘benefactor Persian king; bodyguard’, παρασάγγης ‘parasang; messenger’...

the study of seals and seal impressions can make clear the dark corners of the social history of the seleucid and parthian. on the other hand, the analysis of personal and social position of individuals or groups for understanding the complicated relationship between human with other people or groups, also for the understanding of interactional relationships has gained special attention in hist...

The article discusses the rise of Parthians to power over large territories in Middle East at expense their Seleucid rivals. author borrows a framework from International Relations theory, namely (Offensive) Realism, place actions Parthian kings, particular Mithridates I wider geo-political environment. While resulting account is rather close traditional (positivist) political history, explicit...

The author provides a summary of the problematic and complex events registered by diaries during troubled period between end Seleucid rule coming Parthians. Aim is to show how historical references in were not mere list events, but series connected elements organised form narration. What surprising it almost total absence Parthian Studies, made more disappointing claimed effort contex...

Abstract This paper begins with an examination of the phrase /garah dmāna-/, most common designation for Paradise in Gathas, which traditional translation ‘House Song’ is upheld. Its dualistic opposite /drujah dmāna-/ Wrongness’ Hell leads to question why one doesn’t have expected *‘House Rightness’ instead Song’. The answer proceeds from etymologically unrelated Armenian gerezman ‘grave, tomb’...

in iranian archaeology, sistan played an important role especially in the parthian period. this region is well known since it was cross road for greeksto reach the east, a place for scythians arrival, the presence of powerful suren pahlav clan and the place of epic and heroic tales. during the parthian era favorable environmental conditions of sistan caused to arise many of towns and settlement...

since the ancient times, burial practices have displayed certain characteristics among different iranian ethnic groups and regions were influenced by the local religious orientations, traditions and environments, and are regarded as part of the spiritual culture of any given population. indeed, religious beliefs play the main role in this diversity. because of the empire’s long endurance and va...

The directors of the Iranian-Italian archaeological Expedition in Khuzistan, south-west Iran present first results a survey conducted plain Izeh, one core sectors ancient Parthian vassal kingdom Elymais. Izeh is situated east fertile lowlands at feet Bakhtiari mountains. From there many passes lead through mountain range. new adds data to exploration by H.T. Wright same region....