We consider policy issues regarding parallel imports (PIs) of brand-name pharmaceuticals in the European Union, where such trade is permitted. We develop a simple model in which an original manufacturer competes in its home market with PI firms. The model suggests that for small trade costs the original manufacturer will accommodate the import decisions of parallel traders and that the price in...

Price discrimination usually requires a mechanism to prevent arbitrage. In respect of intellectual property, the mechanisms include bans on parallel importation in intellectual property legislation and licensing and distribution contracts that separate one group of users from another. A reasonable thesis would be to expose all market segmentation of intellectual property to the full force of co...

due to the importance of the import management, this study applies generalized ardl approach to estimate midas regression for wheat import value and to compare the accuracy of forecasts with those competed by the regression with adjusted data model. mixed frequency sampling models aim to extract information with high frequency indicators so that independent variables with lower frequencies are ...

Asymptomatic screening methods are import to lower the mortality rate of breast cancer patients. Technologies available in clinics have weaknesses in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Microwave imaging technique uses the apparent dielectric property contrasts between different breast tissues at microwave frequencies and is a prospective direction to find small tumor at their early stage. Mi...

abstract in the present study, agricultural sector import was forecasted by using the econometric and the ann methods. import data from 1971 to 2004 and 2004-2009 was used for forecasting, network training and testing forecast accuracy, respectively. the results shown that feed-forward neural network has much less error and better performance than the arima and the var methods. on the basis of ...

A plant-derived in vitro system for the study of cotranslational processing of plant endomembrane proteins has been developed and used to investigate cotranslational proteolytic processing of tomato proteinase inhibitor I. Translation of the inhibitor I precursor in wheat germ lysate supplemented with barley aleurone microsomal membranes resulted in cotranslational import of the protein into mi...

Reading can at times engage one emotionally and entail inner psychological experiences in ways akin to those in clinical psychoanalysis. In that light, after a general introduction regarding the import of reading, attention is turned to Proust, Freud's literary complement, as an exemplary instance to illustrate those similarities. Ideas of Proust on reading are followed by thoughts on reading P...

the impact of price changes (at a level of market) on the other market levels (transfer of prices) will affect welfare of producers, marketing agents as well as consumers. in this study, asymmetric tea market is investigated through an application of johansen co-integration analysis and error correction model (ecm model) to time series of 1976-2009. co integration method used in the import mark...