Mammillary body neurons projecting to the thalamus were identified by injecting retrograde tracers into the medial thalamus of macaque monkeys. The source of the thalamic projections from the medial mammillary nucleus showed strikingly different patterns of organization depending on the site of the injection within the two anterior thalamic nuclei, anterior medialis and anterior ventralis. Thes...

BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective for arthritic pain, but it is unknown whether they also benefit anxiety and depression that frequently coexist with pain. Using the monoarthritis model, the authors evaluated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in structures implicated in both sensorial and emotional pain spheres, and it was veri...

Single unit recording has been used as a well-known technique to study the electrical behavior of neurons. In this respect, the classical methods are rather expensive. In this study a simple and inexpensive method for single unit recording studies has been introduced. Computer sound card was used for data acquisition. Neural responses were saved via simple sound applicable packages and then ana...

The distribution of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the cat diencephalon has been analyzed by using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique. The thalamus showed a higher density of immunoreactive cell bodies than the hypothalamus. A high or moderate density of perikarya and a high density of fibers containing parvalbumin was observed in the nuclei lateralis posterior, ...

As one of the most important diffused brain modulatory systems, the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) receives most of its afferents from the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) and plays a major role in the control of drug dependence and some emotional and exciting states. For detailed investigation of the effect of morphine on relationship between these two brain stem nuclei, the activity of the r...

The distribution of reticulocerebellar (RC) neurons was examined by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin bound to HRP (WGA-HRP) in 7 White Leghorn chickens. A large number of labeled cells were found in the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (RP) of the pontomedullary junction and in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (Rgc), parvocellularis (...

Previously we showed that activation of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract (NTS)-Nucleus Paragigantocellularis (PGi)-Locus coeruleus (LC) pathway, which theoretically culminates with norepinephrine (NE) release in dorsal hippocampus (CA1 region) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) is necessary for the consolidation of object recognition (OR) memory. Here we show that, while the microinjection of the ...

Single unit recording has been used as a well-known technique to study the electrical behavior of neurons. In this respect, the classical methods are rather expensive. In this study a simple and inexpensive method for single unit recording studies has been introduced. Computer sound card was used for data acquisition. Neural responses were saved via simple sound applicable packages and then ana...