Many flowering plants are hermaphrodite, posing the problem of self-fertilization and the subsequent loss of the genetic fitness of the offspring. To prevent this, many plants have developed a genetically controlled mechanism called self-incompatibility (SI). When the male and female S-determinants match, self (incompatible) pollen is recognized and rejected before fertilization can occur. In p...

BACKGROUND Papaver rhoeas possesses a gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system not homologous to any other SI mechanism characterized at the molecular level. Four previously published full length stigmatic S-alleles from the genus Papaver exhibited remarkable sequence divergence, but these studies failed to amplify additional S-alleles despite crossing evidence for more than 60 S-alleles i...

Papaver bracteatum Lindly (Papaveraceae) is an endemic species of Iran which has economic importance in drug industries. The main alkaloid of the plant is thebaine which is used as a precursor of the semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds including codeine and naloxone, respectively. This systematic review focuses on main component of Papaver bracteatum and methods used to determine thebaine. ...

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Principal plants that have contributed to the development of modern analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs 2.1. Papaver somniferum 2.2. Salix species 2.3. Cannabis sativa 2.4. Capsicum sp. 2.5. Panax ginseng 2.6. Tanacetum parthenium 2.7. Aconitum sp. 3. New plant-derived substances with potential antinociceptive or anti-inflammatory properties 3.1 Siphocampylus verti...

Quantitation of morphine and other major alkaloids in opium gum from specially cultivated Papaver setigerum DC (“Wild Poppy”) is presented. Papaver setigerum plants (n = 14) were grown in an atmosphere containing a slightly elevated level of carbon dioxide (390 ppm). Opium gum collected from the capsules of the mature plants was analyzed for morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverin...

The phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Papaver pseudocanescens M. Pop. of Mongolian origin resulted in the isolation and structural elucidation of 8 alkaloids of the isoquinoline and promorphinane type. 8,14-Dihydroamurine, 8,14-dihydroflavinantine, and flavinantine are promorphinanes. Alborine, mecambridine, and mecambridine methohydroxide are retroprotoberberines. Amurensinine...

Over the course of human history, it has been common to use plants for medicinal purposes, such as for providing relief from particular maladies and self-medication. Opium represents one longstanding remedy that has been used to address a range of medical conditions, alleviating discomfort often in ways that have proven pleasurable. Opium is a combination of compounds obtained from the mature f...