Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the etiology of panic disorder. Specific objectives include comparing and contrasting the genetic versus environmental factors that contribute to the etiology of panic disorder. Currently, there are four main theories to explain the etiology of panic disorder: psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological. Methodology: This is acc...

UNLABELLED Panic attacks occurring outside of Panic Disorder are not well-understood despite their inclusion as a diagnostic specifier in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5). This study compares panic attacks in the context of Panic Disorder compared to social anxiety in terms of their symptom frequency, severity, and clinical correlates. METHOD Participants (n=...

OBJECTIVE Psychosocial stress and depression have already been established as risk factors for developing and worsening cardiovascular diseases. Anxiety disorders are been strongly associated to cardiac problems nowadays. Panic disorder in cardiac patients represents a challenge for diagnose and treatment. Update the reader on the status of the association between anxiety disorders, particularl...

BACKGROUND The objectives of the study were to examine linkages between exposure to childhood abuse and interparental violence and the subsequent development of panic attacks and panic disorder using data gathered on a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand young people studied to the age of 21 years. METHOD Data on: (a) exposure to child abuse and interparental violence; (b) the development of pan...

Panic disorder is a chronic course disorder that causes important distress and impaired social function. The relationship between personality disorders and panic disorder has been studied, and determines its severity, course and treatment, but it has not been studied the relationship between personality traits and outcome of panic disorder. 82 patients with a first episode of panic disorder are...

As listed in the DSM-IV-TR, the essential features of panic disorder are "the presence of recurrent, unexpected Panic Attacks, followed by at least 1 month of persistent concern ... or a significant behavioral change related to the attacks" (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Panic disorder is characterized by instances of an intense sense of impending doom in which many patients will fee...

BACKGROUND Panic is characterized as a disorder of interoceptive physiologic hyperarousal, secondary to persistent anticipation of panic attacks. The novel aim of this research was to investigate whether severity of agoraphobia within panic disorder covaries with the intensity of physiological reactions to imagery of panic attacks and other aversive scenarios. METHODS A community sample of pr...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy relative to applied relaxation training, a credible psychotherapy comparison condition. Despite the widespread clinical use of psychodynamic psychotherapies, randomized controlled clinical trials evaluating such psychotherapies for axis I disorders have lagged. To the authors' knowledg...

CONTEXT Although panic disorder is linked to hypertension and smoking, the relationship between panic disorder and coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear. OBJECTIVE To extend our understanding about the strength of the association between panic disorder and coronary artery disease and known cardiovascular risk factors. DATA SOURCES Potential studies were identified via a computerized sear...

Previous research showed that lowering the availability of serotonin to the brain by tryptophan depletion increases the vulnerability of panic disorder patients for an experimental 35% CO(2) panic challenge. The results also suggested that increased availability of serotonin inhibits the response to such a challenge. In the present study, this latter possibility is examined. The reaction of 24 ...