It is generally thought that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) responsible for triggering interferon (IFN) induction are produced during virus replication and, to limit the activation of the IFN response by these PAMPs, viruses encode antagonists of IFN induction. Here we have studied the induction of IFN by parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV5) at the single-cell level, using a cell l...

The response to exogenous pathogens leads to activation of innate immunity through the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and their binding to pattern recognition receptors. A classic example is septic shock where Toll receptor 4 recognizes PAMPs. Although well accepted, this concept does not explain the activation of innate immunity and inflammation occurs with transplan...

Abstract The series of double network (DN) hydrogels, based on poly( N,N ′-diethylacrylamide) (PDEAAm), polyacrylamide (PAAm), or poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) were synthesized with various mass ratios components and their thermal response was investigated. formation DN structure in studied hydrogels results significant increase Young’s modulus. PDEAAm/PAMPS exhibit...

Newborn piglets maintained germfree (GF) cannot respond to either thymus-dependent (TD) or type 2 thymus-independent Ags (TI-2) unless colonized with bacteria. We show here that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including muramyl dipeptide (MDP), LPS, and a B-class CpG oligonucleotide (CpG-B), can substitute for gut flora in the induction of neonatal immunoresponsiveness. These PA...

BACKGROUND DC are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and this is pivotal for the induction of adaptive immune responses. Thereafter, the clearance of activated DC is crucial to prevent immune pathology. While PAMPs are of major interest for vaccine science due to their adjuvant potential, it is unclear whether and how PAMPs may affect DC viability. We aimed to elucidat...

The mammalian innate immune system is composed of phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells that serve as the first line of defense against microbial infections. These cells express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surface of or inside microorganisms [1]. PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C...

Necrotic cells are known to activate the innate immune system and trigger inflammation by releasing damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, how necrotic cells influence the induction of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses under sterile conditions, in the absence of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), remains poorly understood. Here, we ex...

Multicellular animals detect pathogens via a set of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). However, pathogens are not the only causative agents of tissue and cell damage: trauma is another one. Evidence is accumulating that trauma and its associated tissue damage are recognized at the cell level via receptor-mediated detection of intracellular proteins released...

Having previously shown that CCL20/macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) are released by polarized primary rat uterine epithelial cells (UEC) in response to Escherichia coli but not to Lactobacillus rhamnosus, we sought to determine if epithelial cells are responsive to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), including lipopolysaccharide (LPS)...