The wind/wave climatology for the Arctic Seas will be developed based on altimeter observations. It will have a major scientific and applied significance as presently there is no reference climatology for this region of the ocean available. The new versions of wave models for the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas will include new physics that is already under development, and the novel physics presentl...

Recently there has been increased interest within the U.S. Navy in the use of climatology-based products to support the planning and execution of military operations. Climatological databases of atmospheric features that impact electromagnetic (EM) propagation have been developed to provide guidance on weapons and sensor system performance for expected environmental conditions. However, the mar...

Extreme flood events have been and continue to be one of the most important natural hazards responsible for deaths and economic losses. Extreme floods result in direct destructive effects during the time of the event, and they also may be followed by a related chain of indirect calamities such as famines and epidemics that produce additional damages and suffering. Extreme hydrological events th...

Northern South America experienced significant changes in drainage patterns during the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. Disappearance of a mega-wetland in the western Amazonian basins was followed by the formation of the eastward-draining Amazon River, which has been attributed to Andean uplift1–5. However, South America’s westward motion over cold, dense subducted slabs implies that region...

Long-term climatology of air mass transport through the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) during NH winter K. Krüger, S. Tegtmeier, and M. Rex IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany Received: 11 September 2007 – Accepted: 21 September 2007 – Published: 28 September 2007 Correspondence to: K. Krüger ...

Cloud and Precipitation Systems October 13, 2005 Jonathan Wolfe

We expect a numerical simulation to improve upon our first guess; typically some sort of climatology. If a model is not better than this initial estimate of the ocean state, the model provides no new information and serves no purpose. Very often in coastal regions we are interested in predicting events—episodes when the ocean state differs greatly from the climatology. The ability of a model to...

The article presents a list of plants mentioned in Ramayana one of the two great epics of this country which has been compiled and the probable equivalent botanical names have been fixed. This study will be useful to the botanists, palaeo - botanists, ethonobotanists, foresters, naturalists and environmentalists as well.

Highlights of the 6th International GEWEX Science Conference and Joint GEWEX/iLEAPS Sessions Melbourne, Australia, 24–28 August 2009 See page 11 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Version 2.1 precipitation climatology, 1979–2008, in mm/day. This combination of satellite estimates based on infrared, microwave, and sounding data, together with gauge analyses, yields a global average ...