in this paper, a two-dimensional reynolds averaged navier-stokes (rans) model is developed to simulate the shoaling, breaking and overtopping of a solitary wave over a vertical breakwater. turbulence intensity is described by using a k turbulence closure model and the free surface configuration is tracked by volume of fluid (vof) technique. to validate the numerical model the simulation result...

Megaphyll leaf evolution was a critical event in Earth history that had major consequences for the biotic regulation of the global environment. Zimmermann's telome theory has been widely accepted for over seventy years as the leading explanation for this evolutionary innovation. According to the telome theory, megaphylls evolved from the three-dimensional lateral branches of early vascular land...

A dam may fail when the loading (overtopping flood, flow through or beneath the dam, earthquake or blasting loading, terrorist attacks, deterioration etc.) exceeds the resistance against overtopping, internal erosion, slope instability, sliding/overturning, excessive deformation etc. To properly describe the causes of dam failures, it is necessary to study characteristics of the dams which have...

There have been many cases of earth embankment failures, for example, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, where breaching occurred and devastated the surrounding population. Levee failures are preventable by a better understanding of the ways in which these embankments are designed and fail. The objective of this research is to protect levees against future failures. This paper studies various overtoppi...

From 2007 wave overtopping tests with the Wave Overtopping Simulator (Van der Meer et al, 2008) have been performed on real dikes in order to determine strength of grass covers against loads from overtopping. Over 15 different locations and over 50 test sections tested. Most these large scale a clay subsoil. As part since 2014, pull sod pulling device estimate critical velocity, cover, specific...

Improved computer models of erosion have been developed, considering soil hydraulic conductivity. The models deal with erosion of levees, dams and embankments due to overtopping. The simulations trace the formation of rills and gullies, beginning with initial overtopping and continuing to final breaching. Physical models performed at 1-g and high g using a geotechnical centrifuge have been used...

Onshore wind can significantly affect wave overtopping process and increase mean discharge. Thus, the should be an important variable in coastal design process. However, despite many researches have analyzed influence of on overtopping, there is still a lack exhaustive knowledge about this phenomenon. To further analyze effects, CFD model FLOW-3D has been used to investigate at vertical seawall...