For the pharmacological treatment of frequency, urgency and/or urge incontinence due to bladder overactivity, anticholinergics have been used as first-choice drugs. However, these drugs can exert severe side effects (accommodation paralysis, constipation, tachycardia, dry mouth and blurred vision) and some patients are refractory to their actions. Thus there is a need for new drug therapies wit...

Step-wise cystometry has been developed to analyze the pressure-relaxation phenomena of the bladder in mongrel dogs. The results show that a mathematical model consisting of two exponentials and a constant can befitted to the measurements. This model is interpreted in a mechanical model of the bladder wall in terms of viscoelasticity. Recent advances in urodynamics have indicated that to unders...

Studies were made of the active ion transport by the isolated urinary bladder of the European toad, Bufo bufo, and the large American toad, Bufo marinus. The urinary bladder of the toad is a thin membrane consisting of a single layer of mucosal cells supported on a small amount of connective tissue. The bladder exhibits a characteristic transmembrane potential with the serosal surface electrica...

Studies were made of the active ion transport by the isolated urinary bladder of the European toad, Bufo bufo, and the large American toad, Bufo marinus. The urinary bladder of the toad is a thin membrane consisting of a single layer of mucosal cells supported on a small amount of connective tissue. The bladder exhibits a characteristic transmembrane potential with the serosal surface electrica...

Urothelial bladder cancer (BC) is predicted to cause an estimated 18,000 deaths, with an expected 76,960 new cases, in 2016. Undoubtedly, BC is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Additionally, over 4 billion dollars is spent annually on BC treatment in the United States, making it one of the most expensive cancer treatments to date. As an experienced urolog...

AIMS Parkinson's disease (PD) affects the nigrostriatal projections leading to micturition disturbance in most cases. Overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms such as urinary urgency or urgent urinary incontinence are common amongst PD patients. Several urodynamic studies have revealed that detrusor overactivity causes OAB symptoms in PD patients. We assert that striatal dysfunction might contribute t...