One of the most important issues indicating quality and quantity forest ecosystems is distribution natural disturbances resulting in canopy gaps (CGs). The present study was conducted one Hyrcanian beech forests northern Iran summer 2018. gap areas were classified into small (< 200 m2), medium (200‒500 m2) large (500–1 000 on basis full inventory. univariate Ripley’s L-function used for introdu...

Fagus grandifolia (American Beech) is uncommon along the coast of southern New England, but occasionally forms unusual monodominant stands with higher beech abundance than is typical for inland areas. This study documents the distribution of beech on Cape Cod and nearby coastal islands, and evaluates environmental and historical factors that are likely to infl uence its distribution. Tree-ring ...

Beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) is an invasive forest insect established in the eastern United States and Canada. It predisposes American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart) trees to infection by Neonectria spp. Fungi causing beech bark disease. White wax secreted by the diminutive scales obscures individual insects, making it difficult to accurately quanti...

Beech bark disease (BBD) has affected the composition, structure, and function of forests containing a significant proportion of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) across North America. BBD spread has been investigated at landscape and regional scales, but few studies have examined spatial patterns of disease severity and spread within stands where forest managementmitigationmeasures can ...

Beech forests play an important role in temperate and north Mediterranean ecosystems in Greece since they occupy infertile montane soils. In the last glacial maximum, Fagus sylvatica (beech) was confined to Southern Europe where it was dominant and in the last thousand years has expanded its range to dominate central Europe. We sampled four different beech forest types. We found 298 insect spec...

Relict forests within tussock grassland and abundant subsoil charcoal indicate that prior to Polynesian conflagrations, conifer forests dominated by kaikawaka covered the upper montane plateaux in Moawhango Ecological Region. Much forest remains in peripheral districts where the plateaux border the encircling Kaimanawa, Kaweka and Ruahine greywacke uplands; in these districts, beech forest of t...

American beech (Fagus grandifolia), now a centerpiece species of the eastern deciduous forest, has had a continually changing historical biogeography. This paper reviews the paleoecology, the presettlement occurrence, the modern range, and the current abundance pattern of beech. It synthesizes these four databases into maps representing the distribution and abundance of beech at specific period...

This study aimed to improve some surface properties such as color, gloss, and roughness changes of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) wood impregnated with water repellent chemicals glycerol (GR) glyoxal (GX) after weathering. specimens were a 4 % aqueous solution GR, GX, mixture GR GX (1:1; weight : weight) (GR+GX) then exposed weathering in Muğla Province Turkey. Results showed that [delta]...