as one can check using induction on l. The usual absolute value function |x| satisfies these conditions with the ordinary triangle inequality (4). If N(x) = 0 when x = 0 and N(x) = 1 when x 6= 0, then N(x) satisfies these conditions with the ultrametric version of the triangle inequality. For each prime number p, the p-adic absolute value of a rational number x is denoted |x|p and defined by |x...

Alternative Estimation Procedures to OLS We have seen that OLS does a nice job in model estimation when the CLRM assumptions are met. We have also seen that violations of the CLRM lead to inefficiency and estimators that are not BLUE. We have also seen that the model y=Xβ+ε can be transformed to produce estimators that are BLUE. We now consider additional estimation techniques to least squares....

We use panel data to analyze the determinants of speaking  uency and wages of immigrants. Our model takes account of two problems that may bias OLS estimates of the impact of speaking  uency on earnings. First, subjective variables on an ordinal discrete scale, such as self-reported language ability, can suffer from misclassiŽ cation errors. The model decomposes misclassiŽ cation errors into ...

The latter generation of mankind is somehow evolved. The ordinary people under 50 years old are trying to live as professional sports guys. They all do various kinds of sports apart from their ordinary life. They all seek for a better body built and an active life. But most of them started active sports after 3rd decade. Improper physical background plus enthusiastic physical activity ends with...