From the primitive period medicinal plants have occupied a distinct place in human’s life. They have been the backbone of traditional herbal medicines and have been extensively studied because of their pharmacological importance. Orchids are one of the largest groups of Angiosperms belonging to the family Orchidaceae. A number of constituents obtained from different parts of orchid suggest biol...

Several key characteristics of the species-rich orchid family are due to its symbiotic relationships with pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi. The majority of species are insect pollinated and show strong adaptations for outcrossing, such as pollination by food- and sexual-deception, and all orchids are reliant on mycorrhizal fungi for successful seedling establishment. Recent studies of orchid p...

Orchid seeds, which are produced in abundance, are particularly small and light. Some orchid species are anemochorous, i.e., bear seeds that are dispersed by wind. To characterize the seeds of Japanese orchids, we measured the size of seeds and embryos of 68 Japanese orchid species. Most orchid seeds had a length of 0.3 to 2 mm and a width of 0.07 to 0.2 mm. Embryo length and width were 0.1 to ...

the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of walnut tree root (juglandaceae) on escherichia coli is resistant to various antibiotics. walnut tree root extract was obtained using a rotary device. 20 cases of e. coli was obtained from urinary tract infections zabul hospital and mic and mbc were determined using dilution in the wells. the results of the study showed that the concentrations ...

The orchid family is renowned for its enormous diversity of pollination mechanisms and unusually high occurrence of non-rewarding flowers compared to other plant families. The mechanisms of deception in orchids include generalized food deception, food-deceptive floral mimicry, brood-site imitation, shelter imitation, pseudoantagonism, rendezvous attraction and sexual deception. Generalized food...

ORCHIDS is an intrusion detection tool based on techniques for fast, on-line model-checking. ORCHIDS detects complex, correlated strands of events with very low overhead in practice, although its detection algorithm has worstcase exponential time complexity. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we explain the salient features of the basic model-checking algorithm in an intuitive way, as...

Epiphytes are a characteristic component of tropical rainforests. Out of the 25,000 orchid species currently known to science, more than 70% live in tree canopies. Understanding when and how these orchids diversified is vital to understanding the history of epiphytic biomes. We investigated whether orchids managed to radiate so explosively owing to their predominantly epiphytic habit and/or the...

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Assessing seed quality in orchids has been hindered by stringent germination requirements. Seed quality has traditionally been assessed in orchids using in vitro or in situ germination protocols or viability staining. However, these methods are not always well suited for rapid assessment of viability in the context of ecological studies.• METHODS The potent...

Sobel and Randle (2009) challenge several methodological choices in the comparative study of the evolution of reproductive isolation in Mediterranean deceptive orchids of Scopece et al. (2007) including the species concept used and the selection of taxa, together with the perceived comparison of clades of different ages. They further criticize that pollinator information was taken from the lite...

In the mycorrhizal symbiosis, plants exchange photosynthates for mineral nutrients acquired by fungi from the soil. This mutualistic arrangement has been subverted by hundreds of mycorrhizal plant species that lack the ability to photosynthesize. The most numerous examples of this behaviour are found in the largest plant family, the Orchidaceae. Although these non-photosynthetic orchid species ...