INTRODUCTION Establishing a diagnosis in patients with olfactory disturbances has always been challenging for physicians.One reason for this is the rarity of some of the diseases that affect this sense, such as Kallmann's syndrome and post-viral olfactory loss. OBJECTIVE To identify the major causes of olfactory disturbances and to describe the diagnostic evaluation in outpatients attended to...

Decreased ability to smell results from a number of medical conditions, ranging from simple congestion of the nose to serious neurological disturbances. In this chapter I provide an overview of the olfactory dysfunctions present in several major neurological disorders and discuss current theories as to their cause. In some disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and idiopathic Parkinson's diseas...

This review summarizes neuroimaging findings in patients with olfactory dysfunction. Neuroimaging techniques offer a valuable means for evaluating and distinguishing disorders of olfaction. The new or refined techniques make it possible to pinpoint the anatomic and pathologic changes of many disorders of the sinonasal cavity and brain that cause olfactory deficits. From an anatomic point of vie...

Recently published work and emerging research efforts have suggested that the olfactory system is intimately linked with the endocrine systems that regulate or modify energy balance. Although much attention has been focused on the parallels between taste transduction and neuroendocrine controls of digestion due to the novel discovery of taste receptors and molecular components shared by the ton...

Olfactory disorders are noted in a majority of neurodegenerative diseases, but they are often misjudged and are rarely rated in the clinical setting. Severe changes in the olfactory tests are observed in Parkinson's disease. Olfactory deficits are an early feature in Alzheimer's disease and they worsen with the disease progression. Alterations in the olfactory function are also noted after seve...

The article reviews the historical background and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and olfactory reference disorder, and describes the proposals of the WHO ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders related to these categories. This paper examines the possible classification of BDD symptoms in ICD-10. Four different possible diagnoses are ...

BACKGROUND/AIM Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by myelin destruction and axon loss. Among various clinical manifestations of MS cognitive disorders are frequent. Olfactory disorders are also noticed but they are rarely considered in clinical practice. The aim of the present study was to examine frequency of olfactory dy...

Olfactory disorder takes a special place among non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) as one of earliest signs of the disease. Based on literature data, authors suggest that simple and structured tests for detection of olfactory disorders should be part of diagnostic algorithm for early detection of PD) and occupy a special place in differential diagnosis of diseases of the extrapyramid...

BACKGROUND Volumetric analysis of the olfactory cleft by using computed tomography has been associated with olfaction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, existing studies have not comprehensively measured olfaction, and it thus remains unknown whether correlations differ across specific dimensions of odor perception. OBJECTIVE To use comprehensive measures of patient-repor...