China’s new round tenure reform has devolved collective forests to individuals on an egalitarian basis. To balance the equity–efficiency dilemma, forestland transfers are highly advocated by policymakers. However, the forestland rental market is still inactive after the reform. To examine the role of off-farm employment in forestland transfers, a simultaneous Tobit system of equations was emplo...

Rural households in developing countries often depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. However, many also pursue off-farm economic activities either to complement farm income or because they lack access agricultural land. employment is informal and temporary. Searching jobs can be associated with high transaction costs, which may a constraint some households’ participation employment. The ...

This study examined the impact of off-farm employment on rural household agriculture credit fungibility (CF) using survey data collected from four regions in Ghana; however, paid more attention to received different sources. By employing endogenous switching regression (ESR) model, we solved issue employment. The econometrics model result revealed that negatively influences household’s probabil...

Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly, and labor productivity in agriculture many rural-off farm activities remains low. This review uses the lens of a dual economy associated patterns agricultural, rural, structural transformation evolution employment its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves an early stage agricultural transformation. Given smaller sector...