Odds ratio, risk ratio, and prevalence ratio are some of the measures of association which are often reported in research studies quantifying the relationship between an independent variable and the outcome of interest. There has been much debate on the issue of which measure is appropriate to report depending on the study design. However, the literature on selecting a particular category of th...

The odds ratio is one of the main measures of association in 2× 2 tables. For larger tables, summary measures of association have been proposed as well as modeling strategies, where the odds ratios can be deduced from the parameters of a model. We propose a computationally simple scaling methodology, which gives a summary measure of association and a visualization of the odds ratio structure. D...

Expert systems applications that involve uncertain inference can be represented by a multidimensional contingency table. These tables offer a general approach to inferring with uncertain evidence, because they can embody any form of association between any number of pieces of evidence and conclusions. (Simpler models may be required, however, if the number of pieces of evidence bearing on a con...

It is argued that the association of any two random elements with positive joint probability density function is characterized by its odds ratio function. The impact of this fundamental result is explored in two applications. In Bayesian analyses it is the association between an observable random variable and a random parameter that is of primary interest. In multivariate analysis it is the ass...

In the previous column 1 we considered the “two-by-two” contingency table, a simple square array used to provide a tabular display of the relationship between two categorical variables, each having only two levels. Figure 1 shows such a table, where the rows correspond to nutritional status and the columns correspond to disease status. We showed that the relationship between the two variables c...

consider the problem of interval estimation odds ratio. An asymptotic confidence is widely applied in economics, medicine, sociology, etc. Unfortunately, this has a poor coverage probability, significantly smaller than nominal level. In paper, new proposed. Its construction requires only information on sizes samples and sample The probability proposed at least

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In spite of different reforms and programs, the evidence indicates that Iran dental health sector has not been able to improve the dental situation and decrease the unmet needs. This study assessed the factors which affect the avoiding dental visit during one year ago because of its costs.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1158 household heads which were se...