The eye is a small and complex organ that is separated from the rest of the body by multiple layers of biological barriers. Moreover, the internal ocular structures and tissues are protected from the external environment by the tight junctions of the corneal epithelium and the mucosal surface. The ophthalmic application of drugs is the primary route of administration for the treatment of variou...

The chronic glaucoma with open angle is the second leading cause of blindness in the world. Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the most interesting and challenging endeavors facing the pharmaceutical scientist. Poor bioavailability of drugs from ocular dosage form is mainly due to the tear production, non-productive absorption, transient residence time, and impermeability of corneal epithelium....

Topical application of eyedrops has been mainly used for treatment of ocular diseases. After instillation of an eyedrop, less than 5% of the applied dose reaches the intraocular tissues. Rapid loss of the instilled solution from the precorneal area and poor cornea1 penetration of the drug results in low ocular bioavailability. However, ocular absorption of a drug can be improved by increasing i...

Diclofenac sodium as ophthalmic dosage form is used in patients treatment of eye pain, swelling and redness recovering from cataract surgery but it faces the bioavailability limitation of eye drops due to effective protective mechanisms and corneal barrier functions in the eyes. Therefore, this investigation was aimed to develop ocular film formulations to achieve controlled drug release. Drug ...

The purpose of this study was to develop novel liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) that display improved pre-ocular residence time and ocular bioavailability and that can be used as an ophthalmic delivery system for tetrandrine (TET). The delivery system consisted of three primary components, including glyceryl monoolein, poloxamer 407, and water, and two secondary components, including Ge...

Natamycin, an antifungal agent that has been approved in the management of exteriorfungal infectionsof oculus such asfungal keratitis,blepharitis, and conjunctivitis. The ophthalmic preparation needs frequent installation into eye due to quickprecorneldrugloss which may lead poor bioavailability. present investigation aimed at formulation development characterization situophthalmic gel natamyci...

Conventional ophthalmic solutions often eliminate rapidly after administration and cannot provide and maintain an adequate concentration of the drug in the precorneal area. To solve these problems, we developed a pH in situ gelling and mucoadhesive ophthalmic drug delivery system containing ketotifen fumarate based on gellan gum. The pasture of ocular drug delivery is one of the fascinating and...

Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the most interesting and challenging endeavors facing the pharmaceutical companies in the market. In ophthalmic formulation to the eye like solutions, suspensions, and ointments are available in the market shows drawbacks such as increased precorneal elimination, high variability in efficiency, and blurred vision. The major problem associated with the conventi...