Developed in the early 1980’s, the flail space model has become the standard method for estimating occupant risk in full-scale crash tests involving roadside safety features. The widespread availability of airbags and increased seat belt usage rates in today’s vehicle fleet, however, raise serious questions regarding the validity of the model. Recent implementation of Event Data Recorder (EDR) ...

Occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental conditions are in close relation to energy consumption in buildings. Despite the increasing efforts to maintain thermal comfort conditions in buildings with control strategies, occupants are not usually satisfied, and, thus, change their behavior which generally interfere with building operation systems. Therefore, modeling and characterizing occu...

This paper reports the development of a methodology for identifying and improving occupant behavior in existing residential buildings. In this study, end-use loads were divided into two levels (i.e. main and sub-category), and they were used to deduce corresponding two-level user activities (i.e. general and specific occupant behavior) indirectly. The proposed method is based on three basic dat...

The purpose of this research is to found the impact of built area and occupant number on winter gas consumption in the residential building sector of Iran, Shiraz.Sothe annually and monthly gas consumption data through 19 houses were analyzed to achieve the heating energy consumption and operation month.The average operation months of gas heating consumption were from first of November up to en...

Introduction and shoulder belts (type 2 seat belts) help to reduce the risk of injury due to im­ vehicle interior and occupant. Seat belts also help distribute restraining forces Seat belts are the primary occupant pacts with vehicle interior components or over sturdy skeletal areas of the body. restraint system in passenger vehicles. ejection. Seat belts provide occupant However, the effective...

Occupancy monitoring and prediction as an influential factor in the extraction of occupants' behavioural patterns for the realisation of ambient intelligent environments is addressed in this research. The proposed occupancy monitoring technique uses occupancy detection sensors with unobtrusive features to monitor occupancy in the environment. Initially the occupancy detection is conducted for a...

As the primary interface with the human body during rear impact, the automotive seat holds great promise for mitigation of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD). Recent research has chronicled the potential influence of both seat geometrical and constitutive properties on occupant dynamics and injury potential. Geometrical elements such as reduced head to head restraint, rearward offset, and incr...

Seating systems are designed for occupant comfort as well as for affording occupant protection in various crash modes. FMVSS No. 207 specifies seat performance criteria, of which, one requires that a seat back withstand a minimum of 373 Nm moment measured about the seating reference point. The sufficiency of this requirement has been a source of significant debate. Some researchers believe that...

A uniform pollutant concentration in indoor environments can be an inappropriate representation of breathing concentration. This is especially true when local airflow in the vicinity of an occupant is dominant in transporting pollutants. The present study investigates the airflow in the vicinity of a human body, effects of respiration on breathing concentration of particulate and gaseous pollut...