The recent changes in the U.S. wage structure are often linked to the new wave of capital-embodied information technologies. The existing literature has emphasized either the accelerated pace or the skill-bias of embodied technical progress as the driving force behind the rise in wage inequality. A key, neglected, aspect is the \general purpose" nature of the new information technologies. This ...

Investment in R&D encourages innovation, which in turn, spurs economic growth. This paper presents a model to test whether that the number of patent applications is dependent on R&D expenditure, especially R&D expenditure in the business sector. This paper shows: 1) that a strong positive correlation exists between R&D expenditure and patent applications, 2) that R&D investment creates patent a...

T here is a worldwide epidemic of obesity. In the USA, the prevalence of obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) o30 kg?m, has increased among adults aged 20– 74 yrs from ,15% in the late 1970s to ,35% in 2010. Another third of the population is overweight (BMI o25 to ,30 kg?m). The obesity epidemic has impacted both developed and developing nations throughout the world. The World Health Or...

Information flows are weaker in a heterogeneous population when the performance of a new technology is sensitive to unobserved individual characteristics, preventing individuals from learning from neighbors’ experiences. This characterization of social learning is tested with wheat and rice data from the Indian Green Revolution. The rice-growing regions display greater heterogeneity in growing ...

We study the evolution of R&D networks in a Cournot model where firms may lower marginal costs due to bilateral R&D collaborations. Stochastically stable R&D networks exhibit the dominant group architecture, and, contrary to the existing literature, generically unique predictions about the size of the dominant group can be obtained. This size decreases monotonically with respect to the cost of ...

Abstract Introduction Noggin is an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP). High expression contributes formation osteolytic lesions from breast cancer. However, the exact role noggin in cancer yet to be clarified. Method Expression was analysed both RNA sequencing data cohort (n = 1097) The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and a gene array database (E-MTAB-6703, n 2088). using ANOVA Kaplan-M...

This paper aims to understand some of the mechanisms which dominate the phenomenon of knowledge diffusion in the process that is called ‘social learning’. We examine how knowledge spreads in a network in which agents interact by word of mouth. The social network is structured as a network graph consisting of agents (vertices) and connections (edges) and is situated on a wrapped cellular automat...

Inspired by the theory of variety-expanding product innovation we derive a testable relationship of outsourcing on the growth rate of knowledge. We estimate this relationship with a firm-level dataset, which is a unique match of PATSTAT patent data and the Amadeus dataset. We find evidence that forward spillovers are stronger than backward spillovers, where forward spillovers are defined as spi...

The creation of highly oriented, co-extruded polypropylene (PP) tapes allows the production of recyclable ‘all-polypropylene’ composites, with a large temperature processing window (O30 8C) and a high volume fraction of highly oriented PP (O90%). These composites show little deviation of mechanical properties with compaction temperature. This paper introduces all-polypropylene composites and re...

In this paper we present an original model of sequential problem choice within scientific communities. Disciplinary knowledge is accumulated in the form of a growing tree-like web of research areas. Knowledge production is sequential since the problems addressed generate new problems that may in turn be handled. This model allows us to study how the reward system in science influences the scien...