Available online 23 October 2015 We explain stable growth performance in democracies by characterizing political systems in terms of the distribution of political power across groups, and show when the qualities of policy alternatives are uncertain, greater democracy (decentralization of authority) leads to more stable policy choices. We empirically test this mechanism by creating measures of t...

A recent body of empirical research has documented a strong association between the level and volatility of the RER and economic growth. This research has relied on a variety of econometric techniques applied to large cross-country data sets. Although the documented positive effects of both RER competitiveness and stability on growth appear to be robust, it is still unclear what the mechanisms ...

Child Labor and Trade Liberalization in Indonesia We examine the effects of trade liberalization on child work in Indonesia. Our estimation strategy identifies geographical differences in the effects of trade policy through district level exposure to reduction in import tariff barriers. We use a balanced panel of 261 districts, based on four rounds (1993 to 2002) of the Indonesian annual nation...

abstract i n this paper, we investigate the existence and the nature of real exchange rate misalignment in organization of the petroleum exporting countries (opec). to do this we estimated a cross country basic real exchange rate determination model for 1990-2012 and extracted historic trend of misalignment. the results imply that all opec countries have had misalignment -of different kinds tho...

iran is one of the countries with a high rate of accident casualties in highways and cities. we are amongst the pioneers in accident related deaths and casualties in the world. in just 2014, road and highway casualties and fatalities were 315,719 and 17,994 respectively. motorcycles passengers and pedestrians are the main victims of these casualties. definitely, by appropriate measures, the suf...

Almost 1.2 million people pass away in the world every year due to traffic accidents. Person, road and vehicle play important role in accidents that the most important factor is person. Traffic accidents are the third cause of mortality in the world. Modification and implementation of traffic laws and improvement of safety culture are being able to decrease traffic accidents. This descriptive s...

the crystal structure of the compound c20 h24 n2 o24 was determined by direct methods. thecrystals are monoclinic, space group p21/n, and unit cell parameters are: a= 10.2342 (9), b=4.8763 (5),c=19.3578 (11) a, β =98.9632 (10) o ,v=956.6 (5) a3, z=2, dc=1.239grm-3, dm=1.22grm-3. the final rfactorsare converged to r=0.059 and rw=0.056 for 553 independent observed reflections. themolecules are li...

almost 1.2 million people pass away in the world every year due to traffic accidents. person, road and vehicle play important role in accidents that the most important factor is person. traffic accidents are the third cause of mortality in the world. modification and implementation of traffic laws and improvement of safety culture are being able to decrease traffic accidents. this descriptive s...