in this article we have considered a non-standard finite difference method for the solution of second order  fredholm integro differential equation type initial value problems. the non-standard finite difference method and the composite trapezoidal quadrature method is used to transform the fredholm integro-differential equation into a system of equations. we have also developed a numerical met...

one of the most important factors that affect tire friction is surface roughness, which determines the size of the real contact area, real pressure distribution on the contact interface, and scales of mechanical engagement between viscoelastic rubber and a rough substrate. the need to predict coefficient of friction (cof) for rubber on rough surfaces for applications such as traction of tires o...

A basic model of stellar structure is presented here. The sun is initially modeled using four fundamental equations of stellar structure. Since these equations are not analytically solvable, they were solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta fourth order approximation. Despite several firstorder approximations that were made, resulting values for density, mass, luminosity, and temperature were ...

sediment flushing of reservoirs is an operational technique, whereby previously accumulated sediments in the reservoirs are hydraulically removed by accelerated flow when the bottom desiltingoutlets of the dam are opened. in this research, the process of sediment flushing is simulated by a three dimensional numerical model in which sediment and flow interaction are reflected in the reservoirs. ...

Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) have been applied by engineers and economists because it can express the behavior of stochastic processes in compact expressions. In this paper, by using Grunwald-Letnikov fractional derivative, the stochastic differential model is improved. Two numerical examples are presented to show efficiency of the proposed model. A numerical optimization approach b...

this article investigates the nonlinear, steady boundary layer flow and heat transfer of an incompressible eyring-powell non-newtonian fluid from an isothermal sphere with biot number effects. the transformed conservation equations are solved numerically subject to physically appropriate boundary conditions using a second-order accurate implicit finite-difference keller box technique. the influ...