Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in the modeling of nonthermal plasmas, and models have now reached the point that they are being used to help guide the experimental optimization of plasma based devices. In this communication we provide an overview of models used to describe nonthermal plasma generated in glow discharges. We show results from two applications, plasma disp...

We describe models of nonthermal photon emission from a homogeneous distribution of relativistic electrons and protons. Contributions from the synchrotron, inverse Compton, nonthermal bremsstrahlung and neutral-pion decay processes are computed separately using a common parameterization of the underlying distribution of nonthermal particles. The models are intended for use in fitting spectra fr...

We review current models of energetic particle acceleration and nonthermal emission from objects of very different scales from clusters of galaxies through massive galaxies to supernova remnants. The nonthermal phenomena in clusters and massive galaxies are considered in the context of the hierarchical model of cosmic structure formation by accretion and merging of the dark matter (DM) substruc...

This paper reviews thermal and nonthermal mechanisms of interaction between radiofrequency (RF) fields and biological systems, focusing on pulsed fields with high peak power but low duty cycle. Models with simplified geometry are used to illustrate the coupling between external electromagnetic fields and the body, and with cellular and subcellular structures. Mechanisms of interaction may be li...

The nonthermal X-rays from the SNR 1006 NE rim present characteristic scale lengths that are interpreted in the context of diffusion of a relativistic electron. The adopted theoretical framework is the mathematical diffusion in 3D, 1D and 1D with drift as well as the Monte Carlo random walk in 1D with drift. The asymmetric random walk with diffusion from a plane can explain the scale widths of ...

Observations with the RXTE and SAX satellites have recently led to the measurement of a second component in the spectra of several clusters of galaxies which are known to have regions of extended radio emission. This new component is quite likely nonthermal emission resulting from Compton scattering of relativistic electrons by the cosmic microwave background. The nonthermal X-ray and radio mea...

Nonthermal X-rays and very high-energy (VHE) γ-rays have been detected from the supernova remnant (SNR) RX J1713.7-3946, and especially the recent observations with the Suzaku satellite clearly reveal a spectral cutoff in the X-ray spectrum, which directly relates to the cutoff of the energy spectrum of the parent electrons. However, whether the origin of the VHE γ-rays from the SNR is hadronic...

BACKGROUND Light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation is a novel nonthermal technology used to modulate cellular activity with light. OBJECTIVE We describe our experience over the last 2 years using 590 nm LED photomodulation within a dermatologic surgery environment. METHODS Practical use of nonthermal light energy and emerging applications in 3,500 treatments delivered to 900 patients is ...

In a hybrid thermal-nonthermal plasma, we find that the dominant emission and absorption mechanisms are synchrotron by nonthermal electrons and bremsstrahlung by thermal electrons. These two processes significantly change the spectrum from inverse Compton scatterings at low energies. We also find that Coulomb collisions are effective in cooling down the lower energy electrons but do not signifi...