This is a revision of the paper archived previously on August 22, 2002. It corrects a mistake in Sec. 8 concerning eccentricities of graphs. From any given sequence of finite or infinite graphs, a nonstandard graph is constructed. The procedure is similar to an ultrapower construction of an internal set from a sequence of subsets of the real line, but now the individual entities are the vertice...

There is an ancient philosphical-religious divide over questions of infinity. This divide extends over mathematics and we see it in many forms. A perfect example is offered by the twin approaches to analysis: limits and infinitesimals. With Robinson’s discovery of nonstandard analysis, both approaches have achieved legitimacy. Today, there is a new approach, non-nonstandard analysis, which, in ...

It is well known that standard peptides, which comprise proteinogenic amino acids, can act as specific chemical probes to target proteins with high affinity. Despite this fact, a number of peptide drug leads have been abandoned because of their poor cell permeability and protease instability. On the other hand, nonstandard peptides isolated as natural products often exhibit remarkable pharmaco-...

This thesis concerns M-finite groups and a notion of discrete measure in models of Peano Arithmetic. First we look at a measure construction for arbitrary non-M-finite sets via suprema and infima of appropriate M-finite sets. The basic properties of the measures are covered, along with non-measurable sets and the use of end-extensions. Next we look at nonstandard finite permutations, introducin...

Nonstandard digraphs and transfinite digraphs have been defined and examined in two prior technical reports. The present work examines digraphs that are both nonstandard and transfinite. This requires a combination in certain ways of the techniques used in the prior two works. We first construct herein nonstandard transfinite digraphs for all the naturalnumber ranks. Then, a special kind of non...

where φ, ψ ∈ L, H = −~ 2m ∆+V (~x) is essentially self-adjoint, H̄ is the closure ofH , and φ, ψ, V each carries at most a finite number of singularities and discontinuities. In flavor of physics literature, we will formulate the Feynman path integral with improper Riemann integrals. In hope that with further research we can formulate a rigorous polygonal path integral, we will also provide a No...