The survey of smoking as the most toxic, common and cheapest addiction, and its psychological and demographic variables among specially the youth who are efficient and constructive persons of the society is of high importance. For this reason, this study has been done to determine the prevalence of smoking and to compare self-esteem on smoking and nonsmoking students of Azad University of Gonab...

conclusions cigarette smoking increased some periodontal indexes including pcr and cal, and reduced bop (p < 0.05). results there was not a significant difference in the prevalence of isolated microorganisms between the smokers and nonsmokers. however, the cigarette smoking group had adverse effect on other periodontal indices including pcr, cal, and bop. the mean pcr and cal were significantly...

INTRODUCTION Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) can impact recovery, with an average incidence of 38.3% (1). Predictors include: female gender, history of PONV, nonsmoker, perioperative opioids, and surgical procedure. Increases in intracranial pressure from Valsalva in craniotomies can result in tissue swelling, hemorrhage, or hematoma, compromising outcome (2). PONV the first 24 hours ...

BACKGROUND The role of host response in periodontitis pathogenesis is confirmed, and it is well established that immune response plays a major role in the alveolar bone destruction. In the investigation of these responses, the role of receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL)-osteoprotegerin (OPG) system is the most promising. Smoking can affect the RANKL-OPG system in a manner...