BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and pervasive developmental disorder that is not restricted to the childhood years. METHODS This paper reviews non-pharmacological interventions that are available at present for preschoolers, school-age children, adolescents and adults. RESULTS The most appropriate intervention for preschoolers is parent training. For ...

Insomnia involves difficulty in falling asleep, maintaining sleep or having refreshing sleep. This review gathers the existing informations seeking to explain insomnia, including those that focus on psychological aspects and those considered neurobiological. Insomnia has been defined in psychological (cognitive components, such as worries and rumination, and behavioral aspects, such as classic ...

Mechanical loads cause bone deformation leading to bone resorption and an increase in local bone formation. However, the stimulus for bone formation depends on the amount and frequency of bone deformation. High calcium intake is required to increase bone formation. There are also non-pharmacological treatments, such as electrical stimulation, low-intensity ultrasound, and laser, which revealed ...

Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Received: 13 July 2014; accepted: 29 July 2014; published online: 19 August 2014. Citation: Stayte S and Vissel B (2014) Corrigendum: Advances in non-dopaminergic pharmacological treatments of...

In striving to optimize medical treatments and patient quality of life, researchers and health care professionals have begun to explore the efficacy of alternative methods for managing medical conditions. Unconventional approaches for treating sleep disorders have received little attention in the past; an unfortunate fact that is gradually changing as an increased interest in behavioral strateg...

OBJECTIVE To (1) evaluate the effects of a single session of four non-pharmacological pain interventions, relative to a sham tDCS procedure, on pain and electroencephalogram- (EEG-) assessed brain oscillations, and (2) determine the extent to which procedure-related changes in pain intensity are associated with changes in brain oscillations. METHODS 30 individuals with spinal cord injury and ...