Two groups (n = 86) of university athletes (contact, no contact) and two matched groups (n = 86) of non-athletes completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1968). Extraversion did not vary significantly between athletes and non-athletes or between contact and no contact athletes, but it was higher for athletes compared to American college norms. For neuroticism, athletes sc...

Student-athletes were studied over 4 years at a highly selective liberal arts college and an Ivy League university. Students spending 10 or more hours per week in athletic activities had lower entering academic credentials and academic selfassessments than non-athletes, but the academic performance of athletes was not below what would be expected based on their entering profiles. Athletes surpa...

UNLABELLED Footprint analysis is a simple, cost-effective and readily available method for evaluation of flat feet, to identify a person in forensic content and for shoe manufacturing. OBJECTIVE To examine the footprints in athletes and non-athletes and to compare their foot print measurements. MATERIAL AND METHOD Four hundred and ninety-two athletes and four hundred and thirty-one non-athl...

Long-term training leads experts to develop a focused and efficient organization of task-related neural networks. "Neural efficiency" hypothesis posits that neural activity is reduced in experts. Here we tested the following working hypotheses: compared to non-athletes, athletes showed lower cortical activation in task-sensitive brain areas during the processing of sports related and sports unr...

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the symmetry of the isometric strength of the shoulder and scapulothoracic muscles in volleyball and futsal athletes. Methods: In this case-control study, the strength of the scapulothoracic muscles and rotation of the shoulders in 20 adult volleyball athletes and 20 futsal adult athletes, who were randomly selected from sports clubs around Tehran, were me...

Background & Aims: The advantages of physical activities have recently been suggested in preventing such chronic diseases as osteoarthritis. However, the effects severe physical activity may have on the musculoskeletal system of athletes are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare knee pain, existing symptoms, physical functions in daily activities, sports and recreation, and th...

low back pain (lbp) is also one of the most common medical conditions in athletes. there is little doubt that patients with lbp use from their body differently than pain free individuals. the purpose of this review was to investigate changes in motor control which may be present in athletes with lbp. the search strategy for this review consisted of an electronic database search of full text in ...