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BACKGROUND Implant-based breast reconstruction after mastectomy has recently been reported to be the preferred type of surgery among breast-specific surgeons and plastic surgeons. AIMS To explore the significant clinicopathological factors associated with long-term outcome related to local recurrences of the nipple among patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with tissue expan...

Postmastectomy nipple necrosis is a factor that leads to poor aesthetic outcome in breast reconstruction because of the unique projective structure nipple. We present case successful using de-epithelialized rectangular flap. A 45-year-old woman was diagnosed with left cancer. She had vertical scar below nipple-areolar complex due previous reduction mammoplasty. underwent nipple-sparing mastecto...

Formation of an aesthetic nipple areola complex with lasting projection remains a challenging final step in breast reconstruction. Despite the many techniques that have been described, no single approach has emerged as the gold standard. The current study presents a novel technique in nipple areola complex reconstruction. In a two-step fashion, the nipple and areola are reconstructed independen...

Breast augmentation mastopexy is a common procedure in cosmetic plastic surgery. Augmentation has proven to be relatively safe operation, but surgeons should aware of and able cope with disastrous complications such as soft tissue necrosis nipple loss. The most important consideration breast reconstruction the recovery shape symmetry, well maintenance nipple-areolar complex without any complica...

SUMMARY As nipple-sparing mastectomy with implant-based reconstruction has increased, attention must be paid to the viability of the nipple-areolar complex. This article describes the use of preoperative Doppler ultrasound to identify the internal mammary artery perforators. Preserving the internal mammary artery improves vascular supply to the nipple-areolar complex.

Introduction: Nipple creation using the C-V flap technique is often the final step in breast reconstruction. The aim of this study was to assess subjectively and objectively the cosmetic outcomes and satisfaction of patients undergoing C-V flap nipple reconstruction. Methods: Subjective assessments of patient satisfaction with the neo-nipple recorded by visual analogue scoring (VAS; 0-10). Obje...