This article explains the idea of unified field theories in particle physics. It starts with a historical review of two successful theories which unified two apparently distinct forces: Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism and Glashow–Salam–Weinberg theory of electroweak forces. Then it describes known four forces in Nature: gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong forces, and what their...

The Internet in Canada is an assemblage of private and public networks. A variety of institutions and networking codes manage these networks. Conflicts exist between these parties despite their interconnection. Tensions heightened when commercial ISPs began managing traffic on their network using sophisticated routing algorithms. Concerned parties demanded legislation based on a network neutral...

“Network neutrality,” while subject to varying definitions, can be summed up as the principle that “all like Internet content must be treated alike and move at the same speed over the network. The owners of the Internet’s wires cannot discriminate.” The policy implication is that network operators should not be allowed to “create different tiers of online service” by selling different levels of...

Reconciling Political and Economic Goals in the Net Neutrality Debate Johannes M. Bauer a & Jonathan A. Obar b c a Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies and Media , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA b Faculty of Information , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada c Quello Center for Telecommunication Management and Law , Michigan State Univers...

Although evolution by natural selection is widely regarded as the most important principle of biology, it is unknown whether phenotypic variations within and between species are mostly adaptive or neutral due to the lack of relevant studies of large, unbiased samples of phenotypic traits. Here, we examine 210 yeast morphological traits chosen because of experimental feasibility irrespective of ...

Twenty-one populations of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha, and ten populations of Euphydryas chalcedona were sampled for genetic variation at eight polymorphic enzyme loci. Both species possessed loci that were highly variable from population to population and loci that were virtually identical across all populations sampled. Our data indicate that the neutrality hypothesis is unte...

Net neutrality has been the most relevant and heavily debated Internet regulation policy of last decade. aims to prohibit discrimination between data packages in terms content, origin, destination, or type equipment used. However, Big Tech companies, sheltered by net policy, have flourished. They now power exclude minor therefore their contents, from market de facto defiance principle. Academic...

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