The granin family (Chromogranin A (CgA), 4 Chromogranin B (CgB), Secretogranin (Sg) II, and the less well studied Secretogranins III-VII) comprises a group of acidic proteins that are present in the secretory granules of a wide variety of endocrine and neuro-endocrine cells [6, 22]. There is evidence that granins may be associated to the precursors of biologically active peptides [11, 12, 17]. ...

Historically, in most organisms the nervous, immune, and the endocrine systems have been studied as independent components. However, during the last decades, growing evidence supports the notion that these are three parts of a unique system, the neuro-immune-endocrine system (Besedosky and Rey, 2007). Both clinical observations and experimental data obtained from animals reveal a close relation...

Introduction Fahr’s disease (FD) is a rare disorder consisting of bilateral and symmetrical calcium deposits in basal ganglia cerebral cortex. These lesions are associated with neurological psychiatric symptoms such as rigid hypokinetic syndrome, mood disorders memory concentration abnormalities. It can be idiopathic or secondary to endocrine disorders, infectious diseases mitochondrial myopath...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has increasingly new applications in neuro-otology. The aim of this review was to summarize MRI applications in neuro- otology and make a correlation between neuro-otologic anatomy and MR images. Different MRI techniques have been described in the imaging of different neuro-otologic structures. In particular, we discuss the effectiveness, indications, and techni...