In the supply-chain literature, an increasing body of work studies how suppliers can use incentive schemes such as quantity discounts to influence buyers’ ordering behaviour, thus reducing the supplier’s (and the total supply chain’s) costs. Various functional forms for such incentive schemes have been proposed, but a critical assumption always made is that the supplier has full information abo...

Multi-site organizations must balance conflicting forces to determine the appropriate degree of purchasing centralization for their respective supplies. The ability to garner quantity discounts represents one of the primary reasons that organizations centralize procurement. This paper provides methodologies to calculate optimal order quantities and compute total purchasing and inventory costs w...

Dowling showed that the Whitney numbers of first kind and second satisfy Stirling number-like relations. Recently, Kim-Kim introduced degenerate r-Whitney kind, as versions further generalizations both kinds. The normal ordering an integral power number operator in terms boson operators is expressed with help kind. In this paper, it noted a certain quantity involving We derive some properties, ...

In this paper, a discount model is proposed to coordinate pricing and ordering decisions in a two-echelon supply chain (SC). Demand is stochastic and price sensitive while lead times are fixed. Decentralized decision making where downstream decides on selling price and order size is investigated. Then, joint pricing and ordering decisions are extracted where both members act as a single entity ...

In this paper, we establish a new preservation property of quasi-K-concavity under certain optimization operations. One important application of the result is to analyze joint inventory-pricing models for single-product periodic-review inventory systems with concave ordering costs. At each period, an ordering quantity and a selling price of the product are determined simultaneously. Demand is r...

Cost-benefit analysis was conducted to determine whether it is worthwhile to initiate a routine varicella vaccination program in Taiwan from different perspectives. Using the human capital approach, the discounted net cost for vaccination program was New Taiwan Dollars (NTD) 281 million from health care payer's perspective. Taking indirect costs into account, the net saving due to vaccination p...

This study calculated the net benefit of using active management of the third stage of labour (AMTSL) rather than expectant management of the third stage of labour (EMTSL) for mothers in Guatemala and Zambia. Probabilities of events were derived from opinions of experts, publicly available data, and published literature. Costs of clinical events were calculated based on national price lists, ob...

The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS) demonstrates that, for patients with heart failure of different aetiologies, administration of the beta 1-adrenoceptor blocker bisoprolol as an adjuvant to the standard therapy leads to a significant avoidance of hospital admissions. A pharmacoeconomic analysis of the results of the CIBIS was conducted for the Federal Republic of Germany, and w...

Ozone oxidation was applied to a fraction (30 %) of the return activated sludge (RAS) full-scale Wastewater Treatment Plant for reducing high production (20 t/week). The amount sent final disposal decreased by 50 % and 75 at 0.55 kgO3/h 0.80 dosage, respectively. When same ozonation system aerobic digestion (0.06, 0.50, 0.67 kgO3/h), reduction 27–77 %. A thorough economic analysis carried out c...

Missing value is an unavoidable problem when dealing with real world data sources, and various approaches for dealing with missing data have been developed. In fact, it is very important to consider the imputation ordering (ordering means which missing value should be imputed at first with the help of a specific criterion) during the imputation process, because not all attributes have the same ...