The etymology of anatomical terminology provides insight into the history anatomy, medicine, and scientific understanding. Therefore, this study assessed language 7th century Codex Amiatinus, earliest surviving most reliable copy Saint Jerome’s original 4th Latin Vulgate translation Bible, for details regarding injury Jacob as described in Book Genesis 32:22-32. Amiatinus notes that sustained a...

Background: P2X4 receptor (P2X4R), a purinoceptor expressed in activated spinal microglia, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Spinal nerve injury induces up-regulation of P2X4R on activated microglia in the spinal cord, and blockade of this receptor can reduce neuropathic pain. The present study was undertaken to determine whether paroxetine, an inhibitor of P2X4R, could ...

the present study was performed to investigate the effects of long-term intraperitoneal (ip) injection of vitamin b12 and diclofenac in separate and combined treatments on cold and mechanical allodynia in a neuropathic pain model in rats. neuropathic pain was induced by crush injury in right tibial nerve. acetone spray and von frey tests were used to obtain cold and mechanical allodynia respons...

objective(s): crocin is a constituent of saffron and has many biological functions. the present study aimed to investigate the effects of intraperitoneal (ip) injection of crocin on sciatic nerve regeneration in male wistar rats. materials and methods: fifty-four rats were divided into 9 groups: groups 1-4 (intact + normal saline and intact + crocin at doses of 5, 20 and 80 mg/kg, respectively)...

traumatic retrolisthesis is a rare injury and may result in intervertebral disc extrusion and nerve root injury. these injuries are highly unstable and require surgery for decompression and stabilization. traumatic retrolisthesis of l5 with acute l5/s1 disc extrusion associated with nerve root injury has not been reported previously in english literatures. we herein report a case of traumatic r...

Background & Aims: Peripheral nerve injuries affect both sensory and motor function, resulting in retrograde reaction to neuronal cell bodies in the ventral horn of spinal cord ventral and their destruction. Achillea wilhelmsii is one of the popular medicinal herbs which grow in dry and semitropical areas worldwide. There are several reports indicating the anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, anti...

objective(s): we investigated the histopathological effects of metamizole sodium (ms) on the sciatic nerve.  materials and methods: this study was performed using 48 adult male wistar albino rats. ten groups were constituted with 6 rats in each group. ms injection into the sciatic nerve (group 1), ms injection into the muscle [group 3 (50 mg/kg, 0.4 ml) and group 5 (50 mg/kg, 0.8 ml)], ms injec...

Objectives: Injury of lingual nerve is a rare complication general anesthesia. The causes injury following anesthesia are multifactorial; possible mechanisms may include difficult laryngoscopy, prolonged anterior mandibular displacement, improper placement the oropharyngeal airway, macroglossia and tongue compression. Case Report: A case atypical neuralgia that was associated with orotracheal i...