abstractnarratology and especially time issue in narration is one of new knowledge of literary criticism and narration in the recent decades. time is the main element of story and text in the linear alternation of events in the story. the french man gérard genette is one of most successful theorizing of time narration who has presented his theory in three forms, “order, continuity and frequency...

The change of the mode of narration from first person in the drafts to third person in the final version of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment has received surprisingly little attention from either literary critics1 or linguists. Yet the first-person drafts contain episodes depicting the same events as in Dostoevsky's final text, providing perfect laboratory conditions for exploring both t...

This paper views Agatha Christie’s works on how they’ve been formed. Her early novels were created on the device called “the least likely person ploy”, however, following the development literary narration, it turned into an innovated device, namely “the most likely suspect”, which also makes an obvious classification in her whole-life writing period.

this essay is a narrative study of the novel “beggar” (al shahaz) by naguib mahfouz (the renowned egyptian writer). a noticeable part of this research has been allocated to the narrative style of the novel in which discussions such as point of view, focalization, speech-expression method and thoughts have been examined. in this article, in addition to narration, discussions like title, opening,...

Following the recent “animal turn” in literary studies, which has inspired scholars to revisit traditional human-centered interpretations of texts narrated by animals, this article focuses on the convergence of animal studies and trauma theory. It offers new animal-centered close readings of Tolstoy’s Strider and Bulgakov’s Heart of a Dog, paying attention to animal pain rather than seeing it, ...