in this article naser al-din shah’s accounts of travels to europe (safar-nameh) have bee examined and criticised in a discourse analysis approach. by using this approach, attention has been paid to linguistic factors, co-text and context of the situation (social, cultural, political and historical), and institutional position, as well as the writer's attitude which has been effective in informi...

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historical memory or collective memory, in studies on cultural history and history of ideas, is often neglected. it is sufficient, for example, look at the names and titles to learn of the common view of a nation. this is true about alexander’s image in our culture. in our culture and some others, alexander is a myth and sometimes a unique hero. shahnameh can demonstrate this historical memory ...

there is no reference to the word “karimān” in garshaāp story in the avesta, pahlavi and persian zoroastrian texts. however, it can be found in the story of “rostam and sohrāb”, and “rostam and esfandiār” in the shāh-nāmeh. since the epic texts in other iranian languages are significant in shāh-nāmeh studies, the haft-lashkar manuscript and other texts in the gurani language are worth consideri...

In this research, five species of agaricfungiincludingConocybe leucopus, Inocybe terrigena, Psathyrella clivensis, P. tephrophylla,and Tricholoma scalpturatum collected from different regions of Hamedan province are reported for the first time from Iran.More information of the studied specimens is as follows:Conocybe leucopus Kühner ex Kühner & Watling, in Watling, Notes R. Bot. Gdn Edinb. 40(3...

death and afterworld are among those vexing questions for humankind. in both eastern and western literature there are many works attempting to describe afterworld and resurrection as a journey to the other world. sanaei’s seir-al-ebad elal-ma’ad and ardaviraf nameh are two examples of such journeys. based on the gnostic experiences of resurrection, the two texts depict exciting and marvelous im...