BACKGROUND Wild waterfowl is the natural reservoir of influenza A virus (IAV); hosted viruses are very variable and provide a source for genetic segments which can reassort with poultry or mammalian adapted IAVs to generate novel species crossing viruses. Additionally, wild waterfowl act as a reservoir for highly pathogenic IAVs. Exposure of wild birds to the antiviral drug oseltamivir may occu...

tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and is the primary cause of mortality in the world. m. tuberculosis strains are important intracellular pathogens causing infection in oxygen-rich macrophages in the lungs. the emergence of aids, declined socioeconomic standards and a lessened emphasis on tb control programs have contributed to the disease resurgence. re...

background: nowadays, nosocomial infection with multidrug-resistant acinetobacter is an important problem in the world, which is facing wide spectrum antibiotics and hence has become resistant. m aterials and methods: in this study, positive cultures of acinetobacter from one hundred clinical samples in seven hospitals from tehran during 2012-2013 were collected for checking antibiotic suscepti...

background: due (drug utilization evaluation) studies can help identify and correct problems associated with irrational use of drugs. considering lack of data regarding how rational vancomycin is being used, we evaluated this due study in a referral infectious center to evaluate compliance with guidelines in terms of rational use of this valuable antibiotic. methods: this retrospective study wa...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy is essentially structure specific, with each NA falling within three main structural groups. Resistance to each of these is characterized by specific mutations in the reverse transcriptase domains of the HBV polymerase, and may be associated with compensatory mutations which can increase replication. HBV polymerase is con...

1. A comparative quantitative study of the effects of dihydroergotamine (DHE) and noradrenaline (NA) on the precapillary and postcapillary resistance vessels, the precapillary ‘sphincters’, and the capacitance vessels was performed in a skeletal muscle and a skin region in healthy humans and in patients with orthostatic symptoms; further, the vascular effects of the drugs were analysed in muscl...

Monitoring the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is important for efficiently managing cases of typhoid fever. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 114 S. Typhi isolates, which were collected from a university hospital in Nepal during July 2009-December 2010, were investigated by disc diffusion assays. All of the S. Typh...

Nicotinic acid (NA) has been used as a lipid drug for five decades. The lipid-lowering effects of NA are attributed to its ability to suppress lipolysis in adipocytes and lower plasma FFA levels. However, plasma FFA levels often rebound during NA treatment, offsetting some of the lipid-lowering effects of NA and/or causing insulin resistance, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The prese...

background and objectives: taking into account a few principles concerning human being, it becomes plausible that the human spirit would also have a similar reaction to spiritual “medicine” provided to it. in order to better understand how this is possible, we must consider the means by which the human spirit becomes resistant to spiritual remedies and compare them with the resistance developed...