Since the industrial revolution ushered in the economic benefits of similarity, standardization has become a hybrid of technical design and political processes with major impact on markets, social welfare, and economic activity. Standards increasingly develop outside government regulatory venues in consortia and other forms of voluntary consensus bodies involving collaboration among private sec...

Background. Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is the most common peripheral vascular disorder in the elderly. A clear picture of the disease’s course, especially in patients with non-critical limb ischaemia (Fontaine stages I and II), is essential for the general practitioner, who plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of PAOD. Aim. To evaluate the population-based evidence...

In the liver microsome cyanide (CN)-trapping assays, piperazinecontaining compounds formed significant N-methyl piperazine CN adducts. Two pathways for the N-methyl piperazine CN adduct formation were proposed: 1) The a-carbon in the N-methyl piperazine is oxidized to form a reactive iminium ion that can react with cyanide ion; 2) N-dealkylation occurs followed by condensation with formaldehyde...

The structure and dynamics of penta-hepta defects (PHD’s) in hexagonal patterns are studied in the framework of coupled amplitude equations for the underlying plane waves. An analytical solution for the phase field of moving PHD is found in the far field, which generalizes the static solution due to Pismen and Nepomnyashchy. The mobility tensor of the PHD is calculated using a combined analytic...