Mutualism is the interaction of two species of organisms that benefits both [1]. In general, mutualism may be either obligate or facultative. Obligatemutualistmay survive only by association, and facultative mutualist, while benefiting from the presence of each other, may also survive in the absence of any of them [2]. As it is well known, in recent years the nonautonomous and periodic populati...

Mutualisms, beneficial interactions between species, are expected to be unstable because delivery of benefit likely involves fitness costs and selection should favour partners that deliver less benefit. Yet, mutualisms are common and persistent, even in the largely promiscuous associations between plants and soil microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In two different systems, we ...

The theoretical foundation and empirical thrust of strategic management is largely grounded in competition, competitive positioning and competitive advantage. It is ironic then that symbiotic mutualism a relationship between individuals of different species, in which both derive benefit may be more prevalent among surviving firms than zero-sum competition and may be a more potent selective forc...

This paper analyzes the founding rates of two types of Jewish agricultural cooperatives, the moshav and the kibbutz, to show how political ideology intersects with resource requirements to produce competition and mutualism between organizations. These two populations, which share ideology and a resource base, competed with each other. They both enjoyed mutualism with the population of credit co...

• University-industry mutualism re-configures the eco-systems actors and impacts. enhances innovative/entrepreneurial culture. Eco-systems reinforces university-industry collaborations Mutualism needs well-organized managerial university structures. requires coordination of regulations at different geographical scales. The accumulation knowledge that explains universities’ contributions to inno...

The evolution of mutualisms presents a puzzle. Why does selection favour cooperation among species rather than cheaters that accept benefits but provide nothing in return? Here we present a general model that predicts three key factors will be important in mutualism evolution: (i) high benefit to cost ratio, (ii) high within-species relatedness and (iii) high between-species fidelity. These fac...

The evolutionionary origin of inter- and intra-specific cooperation among non-related individuals has been a great challenge for biologists for decades. Recently, the continuous prisoner's dilemma game has been introduced to study this problem. In function of previous payoffs, individuals can change their cooperative investment iteratively in this model system. Killingback and Doebeli (Am. Nat....

We analyze the dynamics of three models of mutualism, establishing the global stability of coexisting equilibria by means of Lyapunov's second method. This further establishes the usefulness of certain Lyapunov functionals of an abstract nature introduced in an earlier paper. As a consequence, it is seen that the use of higher order self-limiting terms cures the shortcomings of Lotka-Volterra m...