Macroautophagy is a dynamic process whereby cytoplasmic molecules are sequestered within autophagosomes. There exist two groups of mammalian autophagy-related gene (Atg) 8 homologues (LC3 and GABARAPs), which play essential role in autophagosomal formation. We determined whether Atg8 homologues are affected in Lewy body disease (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The level of LC3 was incre...

OBJECTIVE To delineate the frequency and nature of dystonia in multiple system atrophy (MSA). METHODS A cohort of 24 patients with clinically probable MSA over the past 10 years were prospectively followed up. Motor features were either dominated by parkinsonism (MSA-P subtype, n=18) or cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C, n=6). Classification of dystonic features and their changes with time was based o...