PMPs (peroxisome membrane proteins) play essential roles in organelle biogenesis and in co-ordinating peroxisomal metabolism with pathways in other subcellular compartments through transport of metabolites and the operation of redox shuttles. Although the import of soluble proteins into the peroxisome matrix has been well studied, much less is known about the trafficking of PMPs. Pex3 and Pex19...

This letter investigates the multiple routes transmitted epidemic process on multiplex networks. We propose detailed theoretical analysis that allows us to accurately calculate the epidemic threshold and outbreak size. It is found that the epidemic can spread across the multiplex network even if all the network layers are well below their respective epidemic thresholds. Strong positive degree-d...

The aerial lifestyle of central-place foraging birds allows wide-ranging movements, raising fundamental questions about their remarkable navigation and memory systems. For example, we know that pigeons (Columba livia), long-standing models for avian navigation, rely on individually distinct routes when homing from familiar sites. But it remains unknown how they cope with the task of learning se...

Isolated populations ultimately go extinct because of the intrinsic noise of elementary processes. In multipopulation systems extinction of a population may occur via more than one route. We investigate this generic situation in a simple predator-prey (or infected-susceptible) model. The predator and prey populations may coexist for a long time, but ultimately both go extinct. In the first exti...

This essay discusses the preliminary results of recent archaeological investigations into stone axe production and exchange processes at a Neolithic hilltop settlement in South India. The site in question comprises a stone-lined circular structure situated on a plateau area on the side of a topographically complex hill, known locally as Hiregudda. Across the plateau, extensive surface scatters ...

Recent technology change and market liberalization have substantially reduced the costs of providing international message telephone services (IMTS). However, the full extent of these cost reductions have generally not been reflected in lower prices. This paper reviews the recent literature on international telecommunications markets, and examines regulation and IMTS pricing behaviour. Particul...