Multidrug efflux systems display the ability to transport a variety of structurally unrelated drugs from a cell and consequently are capable of conferring resistance to a diverse range of chemotherapeutic agents. This review examines multidrug efflux systems which use the proton motive force to drive drug transport. These proteins are likely to operate as multidrug/proton antiporters and have b...

Affiliations: Dept of Medicine and Office of Global Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, and College of Pharmacy and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Dept of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari–Research, Medical Education and Professional Development Unit, AOU Sassari, Sassari, and WHO Coll...

A young man presented with primary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. The institution of second-line regimes with insufficient efficacy due to clinical inexperience, unreliable sensitivity reports and the inavailability of second-line drugs led to the development of an organism that was resistant to ten anti-tuberculous drugs. Accurate sensitivity testing done in an overseas laboratory enabled ...

BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis threatens to reverse recent reductions in global tuberculosis incidence. Although children younger than 15 years constitute more than 25% of the worldwide population, the global incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis disease in children has never been quantified. We aimed to estimate the regional and global annual incidence of multidrug-resista...

Bacterial multidrug exporters are intrinsic membrane transporters that act as cellular self-defense mechanism. The most notable characteristics of multidrug exporters is that they export a wide range of drugs and toxic compounds. The overexpression of these exporters causes multidrug resistance. Multidrug-resistant pathogens have become a serious problem in modern chemotherapy. Over the past de...

Affiliations: Dept of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Genova, Italy. Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Dept of Biomedical Sciences University of Sassari – Research, Medical Education and Professional Development Unit, AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy. WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy. Public...

In Africa, incidence and prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis have been assumed to be low. However, investigation after a 2005 outbreak of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, found that the incidence rate for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal was among the highest globally and would be higher if case-finding efforts were intensif...