This article considers the centrality of smells, both fragrant and fetid, to food practices at Mughal court. Mughal-era manuscripts paintings frequently reference smells spices, fruits, flowers in context preparation as well consumption. They describe, too, widespread use aromatics derived from animals, especially ambergris musk. The explores how incorporation these odoriferous substances dishe...

Hakim Ali Gilani was a native of Gilan. He was a distinguished physician and medical writer. He wrote commentary on canon of Avicenna. He came to India during Akbar's time and served two Mughal rulers, Akbar and Jahangir. He was praised very much by the medical historians for his vast knowledge, curiosity and intelligence. A brief account of his achievements has been given in this article.

The fourteenth century of the Christian period was a time significant transition. social and political environment undergoing changes. Strong, centralized empires were erected in east, while middle classes west started to seek obtain part government. Islamic control thrived during this period, bringing people from all over globe together via trade business. There such powerful as Mongols, Ottom...

Patriarchy, it seems today, has always been an integral part of the Indian society. A slight glance at the status of women in India today makes one think that women have always been considered inferior to men. History, however, says otherwise; women in India have historically had a greater role to play and have commanded far greater respect than they do today. It will therefore be justified to ...

A B S T R ACT. During the East India Company’s rule of India, Britons observed the pervasiveness of elephants in local modes of warfare, hunting, trade, and religious symbolism. The colonizers appropriated this knowledge about elephants : for instance, in the taking-over of Mughal trade routes or Tipu Sultan’s stables. What Indians knew about the elephant also fed into a metropolitan culture of...

The Pashtun belt, encompassing chiefly Eastern Afghanistan and North Western Pakistan, has been, and continues to be, the center of religio-political activity. This article aims at examining these activities in its historical perspectives and has focused on one of the earliest known Movements that sprouted in the region. The first known indigenous religio-political movement of high magnitude st...

Previous methods for extracting attributes (e.g., capital, population) of classes (Empires) from Web documents or search queries assume that relevant attributes occur verbatim in the source text. The extracted attributes are short phrases that correspond to quantifiable properties of various instances (ottoman empire, roman empire, mughal empire) of the class. This paper explores the extraction...

The period 1700 to 1900 saw the beginnings, and the development, of the British Empire in India. Empire was not planned, at least not in the early stages. In a sense, it just happened. The first British in India came for trade, not territory; they were businessmen, not conquerors. It can be argued that they came from a culture that was inferior, and a political entity that was weaker, than that...