Larvae of black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (L.1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), are increasingly being used as animal feed ingredients. usually produced by placing eggs, obtained from adult rearing on growing substrates but can also be exposing to naturally occurring BSF females. In the latter system, substrate needs not only nutritious for larvae attractive females oviposition. The ‘pr...

According to the most widely accepted classification the Multiobjective Mathematical Programming (MMP) methods can be classified as a priori, interactive and a posteriori, according to the decision stage in which the decision maker expresses his/her preferences. Although the a priori methods are the most popular, the interactive and the a-posteriori methods convey much more information to the d...

Little is known about the use of services in a preferred provider organization (PPO). We studied a preferred provider arrangement between Pacific Medical Center and employees of the City of Seattle. In the second 12 months of this program 8,529 subjects submitted at least one claim; of these, only 420 (4.9%) ever used the preferred provider. Those who used the PPO at least once differed signifi...