Background Brazil is a country of Portuguese colonization with massive numbers of immigrants and Portuguese descendants (25 millions). At least half of all Brazilian Y chromosomes are from Portuguese origin. Nevertheless, this population suffered miscegenation with native Indians and African descendants. African descendants Brazilians have 48% of non-African genes, probably from Portuguese asce...

We discuss the effect on finite machine implementation of chaotic system on randomness. We show that the most significant bit even for fully developed chaotic systems implemented with high precision (using 1000-bit arithmetics) is not random. We propose chaos-based pseudo-random bit generators and discuss their efficient software implementation.

The delay and dispersion of the packet train have been widely used in most network measurement tools. The timestamp of the packet is critical for the measurement accuracy. However, timestamping performed either in the application or the kernel layer would be easily affected by the source and destination hosts especially in high-speed network. Therefore, to evaluate the impact of the timestamp p...

In recent years, researchers have investigated a growing number of weighted networks where ties are differentiated according to their strength or capacity. Yet, most network measures do not take weights into consideration, and thus do not fully capture the richness of the information contained in the data. In this paper, we focus on a measure originally defined for unweighted networks: the glob...

Network motifs are overrepresented interconnection patterns found in real-world networks. What functional advantages may they offer for building complex systems? We show that most network motifs emerge from interconnections patterns that best exploit the intrinsic stability characteristics of individual nodes. This feature is observed at different scales in a network, from nodes to modules, sug...

International incoming grey traffic is currently one of the most important issues for both the Regulator and legal telecommunication operators in Pakistan. The major reason for higher grey traffic in Pakistan is because of international settlement rates which are higher than the cost of domestic termination rate. The grey traffic operators gain financial advantage by offering low international ...

One of the most crucial problems in geo-engineering is the instability of unsaturated slopes, causing severe loss of life and property worldwide. In this study, five novel meta-heuristic methods are employed to optimize locating the Critical Failure Surface (CFS) and corresponding Factor of Safety (FOS). A Finite Element Method (FEM) code is incorporated to convert the strong form of the Richar...