previous studies have shown that caffeine has beneficial effects on cognitive impairment in sleep deprived male rats. therefore in the present study, we examined the effects of chronic caffeine administration on learning and memory impairments induced by sleep deprivation (sd) in the intact and ovarectomized (ovx) female rats. two sets of animals including intact and ovx were randomly recruited...

Mouse models have been indispensable for elucidating normal and pathological processes that influence learning and memory. A widely used method for assessing these cognitive processes in mice is the Morris water maze, a classic test for examining spatial learning and memory. However, Morris water maze studies with mice have principally been performed using adult animals, which preclude studies ...

Previous studies have shown that physical activity improves learning and memory. Present study was performed to determine the effects of acute, chronic and continuous exercise with different periods on spatial learning and memory recorded as the latency and length of swim path in the Morris water maze testing in subsequent 8 days. Four rat groups were included as follows: 1- Group C (controls w...

Data on the effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors on learning and memory processes are not consistent. In the present study, the effects of citalopram, a very potent and completely selective inhibitor of the serotonin reuptake on spatial discrimination in the T-maze and Morris water maze, were assessed in mice and/or rats. Animals received different doses of citalopram (1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 mg/k...

The Morris water maze was developed in 1981 and quickly became the standard task for assessing spatial memory and spatial navigation. Twenty years ago, Gallagher, Burwell, and Burchinal (1993) reported new variables and measures, including a spatial learning index, that greatly enhanced the utility of the Morris water maze for assessing subtle differences in performance on the task. The learnin...

The Morris water maze and the object displacement task are two popular tools used to investigate spatial learning and memory. Research has focused mainly on the acquisition of spatial tasks while little attention has been given to the retention phase. We examined the effects of different training procedures on retention of the water maze and also reactivity to spatial change in the object displ...

BACKGROUND Although ginsenosides such as Rg1, Rb1 and Rg3 have shown promise as potential nutraceuticals for cognitive impairment, their use has been limited due to high production cost and low potency. In particular, the process of extracting pure Rg3 from ginseng is laborious and expensive. METHODS We described the methods in preparing ginseol k-g3, an Rg3-enriched fraction, and evaluated i...

In the present study, F-344 rats throughout 1.5 to 26 months of age were tested in the reference memory version, a moving-platform repeated acquisition version, and in a cued platform version of the Morris water maze. The results suggest that: (1) performance in the water maze declines continuously, beginning at the earliest age, and very closely fits a linear function; (2) there are robust, re...

objective(s): smoking opium/cigarette is a global health concern. the aim of this study was to examine learning and memory of rat male offsprings whose mothers had been exposed to either opium or morphine with nicotine during pregnancy. materials and methods: wistar rats were used for the experiments. in the female rats, opium, morphine and nicotine dependencies were induced by daily injections...