We examined the phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of otophysan fishes (Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Siluroidei, and Gymnotoidei) using a combined analysis of molecular and morphological characters. The molecular characters comprised 160 phylogenetically informative sites from nuclear-encoded ribosomal RNA and 208 phylogenetically informative sites from the mitochondrial genes...

The head capsule of a taxon sample of three outgroup and 86 ingroup taxa is examined for characters of possible phylogenetic significance within Hymenoptera. 21 morphological characters are illustrated and scored, and their character evolution explored by mapping them onto a phylogeny recently produced from a large morphological data set. Many of the characters are informative and display unamb...

In this research foliar anatomy of seven species of Avena are studied under the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). This study includes seven species, namely, A. barbata, A. clauda, A. eriantha, A. fatua, A. ludoviciana, A. sativa and A. wiestii. Different anatomical characters sush as number of bulliform cells, mesophyll thickness, midrib, number of vascular bundles fr...