background and aims: safflower (carthamus tinctorius l.)from asteraceae family has different biological activities including analgesic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and neuroprotective effects. this study designed to evaluate its effect on naloxone -induced morphine withdrawal signs. methods: in this experimental study, male nmri mice (25-30 g) were randomly divided into 5 g...

hanges in the concentration of either brain or blood glucose level appear to modulate antinociceptive and basal nociceptive processes. There are some contradictory data about the effect of diabetes on morphine antinociception. In this study the effects of alloxan-induced diabetes on morphine analgesia, tolerance and dependency were investigated, with a view to clarify the contradictions. Materi...

introduction: the relation between morphine and nitric oxide release has been shown. due to important role of nitric oxide in regulation of skin blood flow, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (l-name) and nitric oxide synthesis precursor (l-arginine) on skin blood flow of intact and morphine-dependent rats. methods: skin blood flow of hind paw...

Introduction: The influence of morphine on pituitary secretion through µmu receptors has been nearly known. It is also reported that morphine has an effect on cell proliferation. In the present study we investigated the effect of morphine on the proliferation of acidophil cells of adenohypophysis in male rat. Method: This study has been carried out on 14 adult male Wistar rats divided into two ...

background: chronic abuse of opiates induces dependency, but the neurobiological mechanisms of this event remain unclear. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intracerebroventricular of venlafaxine on the morphine dependence and pain perception. methods: a total of 80 adult male rats were divided into two major groups: (1) 40 of them was divided into groups of positive control (...

This study was designed to examine the effect of environmental enrichment during morphine dependency and withdrawal on the severity of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs, anxiety, and depressive-like behaviors and voluntary morphine consumption in morphine-dependent rats. The rats were injected with bi-daily doses (10 mg/kg, 12 h intervals) of morphine for 14 days following rearing in a sta...

introduction: our previous study has showed that chronic administration of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (mgo np) can reduce anxiety in adult male rat. in this study the effects of mgo np on anxiety induced by morphine withdrawal were investigated in adult male mice. methods: adult male nmri mice (weighing 27 ± 3 g) divided into groups: control, receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of mgo...

This paper argues for a renewed attempt at morphology in dependency grammar. The proposal made here is based on the concept of the “catena” proposed by Authors (in press). The predecessor to this notion was the “chain” introduced by O‟Grady (1998), and employed by Osborne (2005) and Groß and Osborne (2009). In morphology and morphosyntax, a morph catena is A MORPH OR A COMBINATION OF MORPHS THA...

BACKGROUND Consumption of chronic morphine induces neuro-inflammation and addictive seeking behavior. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe), a well-known spice plant, has been used traditionally in the treatment of a wide variety of ailments. It has been shown that ginger has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and antinociceptive properties. However, its influences on morphine-induced addictive be...

Repeated treatment of psychotropic drugs produces changes in brain and behavior that far outlast their initial neuropharmacological effects. The nature of persistent drug-induced neural plasticity is of interest because it is thought to contribute to the development of drug dependency and addiction. To determine if chronic morphine treatment alters the morphology of visual cortical neurons, we ...